Roosevelt s Policy Of Police Power Over The Western...

American imperialism began in 1898 with the Spanish American war and teddy Roosevelt’s policy of police power over the western hemisphere. This war one Americas greatest victories. The Spanish American war was great turning for America. They gained Cuba, Guam and Puerto Rico from Spain. Spain defeat showed America’s world power to other nations. This war prepared them to fight in Europe. The United States had many of goods transporting to Europe. The US increasing economic grew immensely and that made them more powerful. Most of its intervention occurred in the western hemisphere. He separated the Panama from Columbia to build the Panama Canal. In order to achieve this he gave the Panamanians independence and treaty giving him the right to build the canal. He facilitated one the greatest construction in that time by building the canal for better trade and cut shipping times. Roosevelt’s intervention foreign policy became known as Roosevelt’s Corollary and the Panama Canal was one of the intervention that took place in Central America. Roosevelt’s Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine and the policy gave the right of US to exercise and international police powers to intervene whenever necessary. He wanted protect American and European investments by invading Dominican Republic and Cuba. The role of President Wilson in the war and peace negotiations made him one of the only president’s to have moral intervention with war by protecting everyone’s interest. He brought aShow MoreRelatedProgressivism : A Great Number Of Urban Middle Class1722 Words   |  7 PagesThananun Prasertsup (Nine) History Research 420 Word Count: Progressivism in the Roosevelt Corollary From 1900 to about 1920, a great number of urban middle class people began to consider problems created by urbanization, class conflict, immigration, corruption, etc. This broad movement had large effects on American politics and the name of this time, known as the Progressive Era. Not only did the progressive movement happen in the era, Latin American economic crises also occurred. Venezuela wasRead MoreThe War Of 1905 And The United States863 Words   |  4 Pages After the expansion of power in the federal government in domestic affairs, the Progressive presidents did not want to project American power outside of the borders just yet. At first, their interventions were primarily in the Western Hemisphere. 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Competitive Analysis Shell Company - 1683 Words

COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS Shell is the largest oil, gas, and energy company compared to Total, Exxon, Chevron, and BP. Shell is very competitive and innovative because they out-think their competition always change their strategy to be the best. Shell changed their name from Shell Oil Gas to Shell Energy to set them aside from the competition which was a brilliant move. Peter Voser, the Chief Executive Officer of Royal Dutch Shell stated, â€Å"We are delivering a strategy that others can’t easily repeat, with unique skills in technology and integration and a worldwide set of opportunities for new investment†. Shell recently invested and merged with BG Group and changed the entire portfolio which could possibly make them billions in the†¦show more content†¦BP tends to make bets that others don’t which is most likely why the disastrous deep water horizon oil spill occurred in the Gulf of Mexico five years ago. The fire burned for 36 hours while hydrocarbons leaked into the gulf before the well was sealed, unfortunately eleven individuals died. It has been difficult for BP to be the best company right now since this falling and they have been in reparation mode since this catastrophe. However, BP is now incorporating high safety and showed everyone that they are very reliable on the recovery of this hardship of BP trying to mix oil with water. BP came together to control the situation, cleanup, and diminish as much contamination as possible into the gulf. In addition, they are devoted long term to improve the Gulf of Mexico’s bionetwork and promise to be more careful so this will not happen again. Shell must be sharp and focus to sustain competitive advantage over Total, Exxon, Chevron, and BP. Shell lowered costs at its Canadian operations to ensure that they remain competitive in other regions. Shell is believed to be around longer than any other oil, gas, and energy com pany because of the new patents and creations they are about to be a part of in the alternative energy industry. Shell has countless projects in the future and will still be the largest andShow MoreRelatedMarketing -Segmantation Analysis of Shell1315 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing-Segmentation analysis of Shell Shell Oil Products Company succeeded in building its new brand image to increase retail marketing revenues.In this case analysis, we will use STP to analyze Shell’s sucessful marketing strategy. 1. Segmentation Oil station market consists of buyers who differ in one or more ways, so Shell need first segment its potential consumer market. 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Next, recommend one approach that the American labor market can take in order to lower the direct labor costs of technology products while remaining competitive with the Asian market. Provide a rationale for your res ponse. * Imagine that you are a Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of a company. Recommend tow (2) actions thatRead MoreBusiness and Society Final - Group 06.Doc1478 Words   |  6 PagesGroup Assignment - Project Report Case: Shell Oil in Nigeria CLASS: BUS6351 - 2010SU-25535-BUSINESS AND SOCIETY Submitted by: Group 06 Nawazuddin Mohammed Khaja Randy Janssen Olufunto Ogunnowo Ladarien Richardson James Groesbeck Abstract The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the case â€Å"Shell Oil in Nigeria† presented in our text book â€Å"Business and Society†. 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Renaissance, Its Impact on English Literature Essay Example For Students

Renaissance, Its Impact on English Literature Essay All questions carry equal marks. Total marks for the paper are 8. Total marks for the paper are 80. Note: for Paper Setters 1 . The question paper will consist of three sections I. E. Section-A, B and C. There shall be Ten questions in all. There shall be one question with internal choice on each of the nine chapters prescribed in sections A and B. However, Q No. 10 in section C is compulsory. All questions carry equal marks. Total marks for the paper are 8. Total marks for the paper are 80. Note: for Paper Setters 1 . The question paper will consist of three sections I. E. Section-A, B and C. There shall be Ten questions in all. There shall be one question with internal choice on each of the nine chapters prescribed in sections A and B. However, Q No. 10 in section C is compulsory. 2. Background Reading section aims at testing the candidates understanding of important books/authors/trends/movements/submerges related to this paper. The section will carry one compulsory question of 16 marks requiring the candidates to how acquaintance with any four of the six given items. The candidates are expected to write a paragraph of about 150 words on each of the four items they attempt. Book Prescribed: A New History of English Literature by IBM S Day,Entwined: Dobra Publications, 2006. Section A: Chapter 1-5 Section B: Chapter 6-9 Section C: Background Reading The Baroque Sensibility, Utilitarianism, Victorian Compromise, Women Writers up to Seventeenth Century, Gothic Novel, Pre Raphael Movement, Impressionism, Images, Novel of Ideas, Freud and his Impact on literature. Suggested Reading: David Daisies: A Critical History of English Literature Volvo. 1-4. 2. Compton Rickets: A History of English Literature 3. for vans: A Short History of English Literature 4. Eulogies and Canadian: A History of English Literature Note:The candidates are required to attempt five questions in all. Besides question No. 10 in Section C which is compulsory, the candidates shall attempt two questions each from sections A and B. All questions carry equal marks. Total marks for the paper are 80. Shall be ten questions in all. There shall be one question with internal choice on each f the nine Units prescribed in sections A and B. However, Q No. 10 in section C is compulsory. Section A Unit I Unit II unit Ill unit Unit V Christopher Marlowe: Dry. Faustus William Shakespeare: A Midsummer Nights Dream William Shakespeare: Hamlet Ben Johnson: The Alchemist Richard Brinkley Sheridan: School for Scandal Section B Unit VI Bernard Shaw: Pygmalion Unit VII TTS Eliot: Murder in the Cathedral Unit VIII Samuel Becket: Waiting for God John Osborne: Look Back in Anger Mystery and Morality plays, University Wits, Seneca and the Elizabethan Tragedy,

ZOO (menagerie) Essay Example

ZOO (menagerie) Essay A zoo (short for zoological park or zoological garden, and also called a menagerie) is a facility in which animals are confined within enclosures, displayed to the public, and in which they may also be bred. The term zoological garden refers to zoology, the study of animals, a term deriving from the Greek zoon ((Qov, animal) and logos (Myoq, study). The abbreviation zoo was first used of the London Zoological Gardens, which opened for scientific study in 1828 and to the public in 1847. The number of major animal collections open to the public around the world now exceeds 1,000, around 80 percent of them in cities. Etymology[edit] London Zoo, which opened in 1828, first called itself a menagerie or zoological garden, which is short for Gardens and Menagerie of the Zoological Society of London. The abbreviation zoo first appeared in print in the I-JK around 1847, when it was used for theClifton Zoo, but it was not until some 20 years later that the shortened form became popular in the song Walking in the Zoo on Sunday by music-hall artist Alfred Vance. The term zoological park was used for more expansive facilities in Washington, D. C. , and the Bronx in New York, which opened in 1891 and 1899 respectively. Relatively new terms for zoos coined in the late 20th century are conservation park or biopark. Adopting a new name is a strategy used by some zoo professionals to distance their institutions from the stereotypical and nowadays criticized zoo concept of the 19th century. The term biopark was first coined and developed by the National Zoo in Washington D. C. in the late 1980s. In 1993, theNew York Zoological Society changed its name to the Wildlife Conservation Society and rebranded the zoos under its Jurisdiction as wildlife conservation parks. HistoryFurther information: Menagerie Ancient world We will write a custom essay sample on ZOO (menagerie) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on ZOO (menagerie) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on ZOO (menagerie) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The predecessor of the zoological garden is the menagerie, which has a long history from the ancient world to modern times. The oldest known zoological collection was revealed during excavations at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in 2009, of a ca. 3500 B. C. menagerie. The exotic animals included hippos, hartebeest, elephants, baboons and wildcats. King Ashur-bel-kala of the Middle Assyrian Empire created Zoological and Botanical Gardens in the 1 lth Century BC. In the 2nd century BCE, the Chinese Empress Tanki had a house of deer built, and King Wen of Zhou kept a 1,500-acre (6. 1 km2) zoo called Ling-Yu, or the Garden of Intelligence. Other well-known collectors of animals included King Solomon of the Kingdom of Israel and Judah, queen Semiramis and king Ashurbanipal of Assyria, and KingNebuchadnezzar of Babylonia. By the 4th century BCE, zoos existed in most of the Greek city states; Alexander the Great is known to have sent animals that he found on his military expeditions back to Greece. The Roman emperors kept private collections of animals for study or for use in the arena, the latter faring notoriously in 366 BCE: At one time, a bear and a bull, chained together, rolled in fierce combat across the sand Four hundred bears were killed in a single day under Caligula Under Nero, four hundred tigers fought with bulls and elephants. In a single day, at the dedication of the Colosseum by Titus, five thousand animals perished. Under Trajan lions, tigers, elephants, rhinoceroses, hippopotami, giraffes, bulls, stags, even crocodiles and serpents were employed to give novelty to the spectacle Medieval England Henry I of England kept a collection of animals at his palace in Woodstock, which reportedly included lions, leopards, and camels. The most prominent collection in medieval England was in the Tower of London, created as early as 1204 by King John l. Henry Illreceived a wedding gift in 1235 of three leopards from Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, and in 1264, the animals were moved to the Bulwark, renamed the Lion Tower, near the main western entrance of the Tower. It was opened to the public during the reign ofElizabeth I in the 16th century. During the 18th century, the price of admission was three half-pence, or the supply of a cat or dog for feeding to the lions. The animals were moved to the London Zoo when it opened. 16th century onwards[ The oldest zoo in the world still in existence is the Tiergarten Sch? ¶nbrunn in Vienna, Austria. It was constructed by Adrian van Stekhoven in 1752 at the order of the Holy Roman Emperor Francis l, husband of Maria Theresa of Austria, to serve as an imperial menagerie as part of Sch? ¶nbrunn Palace. The menagerie was initially reserved for the viewing pleasure of the imperial family and the court, but was made accessible to the public in 1765. In 1775, a zoo was founded in Madrid, and in 1795, the zoo inside the Jardin des Plantes in Paris was founded by Jacques-Henri Bernardin, with animals from the royal menagerie at Versailles, primarily for scientific research and education. The Kazan Zoo, the first zoo in Russia was founded in 1806 by the Professor of Kazan State University Karl Fuchs. The Zoological Society of London, founded in 1826 by Stamford Raffles, adopted the idea of the Paris zoo when they established the London Zoo in Regents Park in 1828, which opened to paying visitors in 1847. Dublin Zoo was opened in 1831 by members of the medical profession interested in studying animals while they were alive and more particularly getting hold of them when they were dead. Germanys first zoo opened in 1844 the Berlin Zoological Garden. The first zoological garden in Australia was Melbourne Zoo in 1860. In the same year, Central Park Zoo, the first public zoo in the United States, opened in New York, although in 1859, the Philadelphia Zoological Society had made an effort to establish a zoo, but delayed opening it until 1874 because of the American Civil War. The zoo in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India is one of the oldest in the country, and was established as an adjunct to the Museum in 1857 by the erstwhile Maharaja of Travancore in order to attract more visitors. Lahore Zoo in Lahore, Pakistan was established in 1872 by a local philanthropist Lal Mahundra Ram and Lahore Municipal Corporation. In 1907, the German entrepreneur Carl Hagenbeck founded the Tierpark Hagenbeck in Stellingen, now a quarter of Hamburg. It is known for being the first zoo to use open enclosures surrounded by moats, rather than barred cages, to better approximate animals natural few zoos began to consider making conservation their central role, with Gerald Durrell of the Jersey Zoo, George Rabb of Brookfield Zoo, and William Conway of the Bronx Zoo (Wildlife Conservation Society) leading the discussion. From then on, zoo professionals became increasingly aware of the need to engage themselves in onservation programs, and the American Zoo Associationsoon said that conservation was its highest priority. Because they wanted to stress conservation issues, many large zoos stopped the practice of having animals perform tricks for visitors. The Detroit Zoo, for example, stopped its elephant show in 1969, and its chimpanzee show in 1983, acknowledging that the trainers had probably abused the animals to get them to perform. Human exhibits Human beings were sometimes displayed in cages along with non-human animals, supposedly to illustrate the differences between people of European and non- European origin. In September 1906, William Hornaday, director of the Bronx Zoo in New York†with the agreement of Madison Grant, head of the New York Zoological Society†had Ota Benga, a Congolese pygmy, displayed in a cage with the chimpanzees, then with an orangutannamed Dohong, and a parrot. The exhibit was intended as an example of the missing link between the orangutan and white man. It triggered protests from the citys clergymen, but the public reportedly flocked to see it. Human beings were also displayed in cages during the 1931 Paris Colonial Exposition, and as late as 1958 in a Congolese village display at Expo 58 in Brussels. Appearance and type[ Zoo animals usually live in enclosures that attempt to replicate their natural habitats, for the benefit of the animals and the visitors. They may have special buildings for nocturnalanimals, with dim white or red lighting used during the day, so the animals will be active when visitors are there, and brighter lights at night to help them sleep. Special climate conditions are created for animals living in radical environments, such as penguins. Special enclosures for birds, mammals, insects, reptiles, fish, and other aquatic life forms have also been developed. Some zoos have walk-through exhibits where visitors enter enclosures of non-aggressive species, such as lemurs, marmosets, birds, lizards, and turtles. Visitors are asked to keep to paths and avoid showing or eating foods that the animals might snatch. Open-range zoos Some zoos keep fewer animals in larger, outdoor enclosures, confining them with moats and fences, rather than in cages. Safari parks, also known as zoo parks and lion farms, allow visitors to drive through them and come in close contact with the animals. The first of this kind of zoo was Whipsnade Park in Bedfordshire, England, opened by the Zoological Society of London in 1931, and covering 600 acres (2. 4 km2). Since the early 1970s, a 1,800 acre (7 km2) park in the San Pasqual Valley near San Diego has featured the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, run by the Zoological Society of San Diego. One of two state-supported zoo parks in North Carolina is the 2,000-acre (8. 1 km2) North Carolina Zoo in Asheboro. The 500-acre (2. 0 km2) Werribee Public aquaria The first public aquarium was opened in London Zoo in 1853. This was followed by the opening of public aquaria in continental Europe (for example, Paris 1859, Hamburg 1864, Berlin 1869, Brighton 1872) and the United States (Boston 1859, Washington 1873, San Francisco Woodwards Garden 1873, New York Battery Park 1896). In 2005 the non-profit Georgia Aquarium with more than 8 million US gallons (30,000 m3; 30,000,000 litres) of marine and fresh water, and more than 100,000 animals of 500 different species opened inAtlanta, Georgia. The aquariums specimens include whale sharks and beluga whales. Roadside zoos Roadside zoos are found throughout North America, particularly in remote locations. They are small, unregulated, for-profit zoos, often intended to attract visitors to some ther facility, such as a gas station. The animals may be trained to perform tricks, and visitors are able to get closer to them than in larger zoos. Since they are sometimes less regulated, roadside zoos are often subject to accusations of neglect] and cruelty. Petting zoos A petting zoo, also called petting farms or childrens zoos, features a combination of domestic animals and wild species that are docile enough to touch and feed. To ensure the animals health, the food is supplied by the zoo, either from vending machines or a kiosk nearby. Animal theme parks An animal theme park is a combination of an amusement park and a zoo, mainly for entertaining and commercial purposes. Marine mammal parks such as Sea World and Marineland are more elaborate dolphinariums keeping whales, and containing additional entertainment attractions. Another kind of animal theme park contains more entertainment and amusement elements than the classical zoo, such as a stage shows, roller coasters, and mythical creatures. Some examples are Busch Gardens Tampa Bay in Tampa, Florida, Disneys Animal Kingdom in Orlando, Florida, Flamingo Land in North Yorkshire, England and Six Flags Discovery Kingdom inValleJo, California . Sources and care of animals When they arrive at a new zoo, animals usually spend time in quarantine, and are given time to acclimatize to their new enclosures which are often designed to mimic their natural environment. For example, some species of penguins may require refrigerated enclosures. Guidelines on necessary care for such animals is published in the International Zoo Yearbook. Conservation and research The position of most modern zoos in Australasia, Europe, and North America, particularly those with scientific societies, is that they display wild animals primarily or the conservationof endangered species, as well as for research purposes and education, and secondarily for the entertainment of visitors, an argument disputed by critics. The Zoological Society of London states in its charter that its aim is the advancement of Zoology and Animal Physiology and the introduction of new and curious subjects of the Animal Kingdom. It maintains two research institutes, the Nuffield Institute of Comparative Medicine and the Wellcome Institute of Comparative Physiology. In the U. S. , the Penrose Research Laboratory of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums produced its first conservation strategy in 1993, nd in November 2004, it adopted a new strategy that sets out the aims and mission of zoological gardens of the 21st century. The breeding of endangered species is coordinated by cooperative breeding programmes containing international studbooks and coordinators, who evaluate the roles of individual animals and institutions from a global or regional perspective, and there are regional programmes all over the world for the conservation of endangered species. Surplus animals In modern, well-regulated zoos breeding of stock is carefully controlled to maintain a self-sustaining global captive population. This is not the case in some less well- regulated zoos, often based in poorer regions. Eric Baratay and Elisabeth Hardouin- Fugier of the Universit? © Jean-Moulin, Lyon, say that the overall stock turnover of animals in a select group of poor zoos was one-fifth to one-fourth over the course of a year†with three-quarters of wild caught apes dying in captivity within the first twenty months. They say that before successful breeding programs, the high mortality rate is the reason for the massive scale of importations. The downside to breeding the animals in captivity is that over time, without additional genetic aterial from the wild, all the animals in captivity can become related. The San Jose Mercury News conducted a two-year study that suggested of the 19,361 certain species of mammals that left accredited zoos in the U. S. between 1992 and 1998, 7,420 (38 percent) went to dealers, auctions, hunting ranches, unaccredited zoos and individuals, and game farms. Condition of the animals The condition of the animals varies widely, predominantly in zoos in countries with little or no regulations. The majority of zoos continue to work to improve their animal enclosures, although constraints like size and expense make it difficult to create ideal aptive environments for some species, such as dolphins and whales. Some critics argue that animals that live in zoos are treated as voyeuristic objects rather than living creatures, and are often driven to insanity in the transition from being free and wild to incarcerated and dependent on humans for survival. A four- decade Oxford University study found that polar bears, lions, tigers, and cheetahs show the most evidence of stress in captivity. The life of elephants in a zoo is extremely different from their life in their natural habitat. There was an elephant named Maggie who lived in zoo in Alaska. She was forced to spend day on end in a small indoor enclosed area because the outside temperature was too frigid for her body to handle. It is incredibly difficult for zoo keepers to provide for the needs of animals like elephants because they usually travel around thirty miles a day and it is impossible to give them roaming space like that in a zoo. Captive animals often show signs of severe distress, people have witnessed elephants bobbing their heads, bears pacing, and wild cats obsessively grooming themselves. Being trapped like that can often cause an animal to suffer psychological problems along with physical roblems from not being in their natural habitat. Live feeding except in exceptional circumstances. However, in the Badaltearing Safari Park in China, zoo visitors can throw live goats into the lions enclosure and watch them being eaten, or can purchase live chickens tied to bamboo rods for the equivalent of 2 dollarseuros to dangle into lion pens. Visitors can drive through the lions compound on buses with specially designed chutes leading into the enclosure into which they can push live chickens. In the Xiongsen Bear and Tiger Mountain Village near Guilin in south-east China, live cows and pigs are thrown to tigers to amuse isitors. In the Qingdao zoo, visitors engage in tortoise baiting, where tortoises are kept inside small rooms with elastic bands round their necks, so that they are unable to retract their heads. Visitors then throw coins at them. The marketing claim is that if you hit one of them on the head and make a wish, it will be fulfilled. Regulation of United States In the United States, any public animal exhibit must be licensed and inspected by the United States Department of Agriculture, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Drug Enforcement Administration, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and others. Depending on the animals they exhibit, the activities of zoos are regulated by laws including the Endangered Species Act, theAnimal Welfare Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and others. Additionally, zoos in North America may choose to pursue accreditation by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA). To achieve accreditation, a zoo must pass an application and inspection process and meet or exceed the AZAs standards for animal health and welfare, fundraising, zoo staffing, and involvement in global conservation efforts. Inspection is performed by three experts (typically one veterinarian, one expert in nimal care, and one expert in zoo management and operations) and then reviewed by a panel of twelve experts before accreditation is awarded. This accreditation process is repeated once every five years. The AZA estimates that there are approximately 2,400 animal exhibits operating under USDA license as of February 2007; fewer than 10% are accredited. Europe In April 1999, the European Union introduced a directive to strengthen the conservation role of zoos, making it a statutory requirement that they participate in conservation and education, and requiring all member states to set up systems for heir licensing and inspection. Zoos are regulated in the UK by the Zoo Licensing Act of 1981, which came into force in 1984. A zoo is defined as any establishment where wild animals are kept for exhibition to which members of the public have access, with or without charge for admission, seven or more days in any period of twelve consecutive months, excluding circuses and pet shops. The Act requires that all zoos be inspected and licensed, and that animals kept in enclosures are provided with a suitable environment in which they can express most normal behavior.

Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets Essay Example

Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets Essay Example Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets Essay Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets Essay How Changes in the Formulation of Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets Effects Drug Release and Tablet Hydration Discussion: Part A ( hydration ) : Experiment A1: Experiment A1 was carried out to see how the belongingss of different polymers consequence the hydration of hydrophilic matrix tablets. Four different polymers were tested Sodium Alginate 100 % ( SA ) , Xanthan Gum 100 % ( XG ) , Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose 100 % ( HPMC ) and Methylcellulose 100 % ( MC ) . These were compared to a control which was a standard lactose tablet. They were all tested in fake stomachic fluid ( SGF ) and fake enteric fluid ( SIF ) individually. First if we compare all the matrix tablets to the milk sugar we can see that the lactose tablet wholly disintegrates with in the first 30mins in both fluids. However the matrix tablets barely disintegrate and are still present at 240mins. This is because the lactose tablet does non incorporate a polymer. Upon initial wetting of the matrix tablets the polymer begins to hydrate organizing a syrupy gel bed. In order for drug to be released it has to spread through this bed. This takes clip and this allows sustained dru g release. Whereas the lactose tablet merely disintegrates and releases all the drug straight off. Sodium alginate ( SA ) is a natural hydrophilic polyose and is a additive polymer. We can see from the consequences that it was quickly able to organize a gel bed nevertheless the size of the gel bed was different in the two fluids. SA formed a larger gel bed in the SGF than the SIF as it got to 4mm in the SGF and merely 2.5 in the SIF. It besides took longer for the gel to increase in size in the SIF. The nucleus breadth decreased as clip went on and were similar for both fluids but overall it was somewhat lower in the SGF at the clip points. The difference in the breadth of the gel bed between the two fluids shows that the hydration of SA is dependent on pH. SIF has a pH of around 7.2 so is impersonal nevertheless SGF has a pH of around 2 to 3 doing it acidic. As the concentration of H ions addition ( in acidic conditions ) there is inter-conversion of carboxylate anions ( sodium alginate ) to free carboxyl groups ( alginic acid ) . This means in acidic conditions like SGF SA is ab le to swell but is indissoluble nevertheless it is soluble in impersonal conditions. Therefore the gel bed may acquire dissolved in SIF and consequence in a lower breadth compared to SGF which would hold a thick gel bed. Hence alterations in pH are likely to change the hydration features of the polymer and consequence its action on sustained drug release. Xanthan gum ( XG ) , an anionic polymer, showed different hydration features compared to SA. It produced the widest gel bed the fastest at 30mins compared to the other polymers in both the fluids. This shows its ability to organize a thick gel bed rapidly. It was besides able to bring forth the widest gel bed in the SIF compared to the other tablets. It had similar features in both fluids which indicated it is non pH dependant. The nucleus breadth is besides similar in both. HPMC besides was able to organize a gel bed nevertheless its size increased the slowest in both fluids when compared to the other polymers. It is non pH dependant. Again the nucleus was similar in both. Cellulose is really soluble and porous this could be why the gel bed was non really thick Methylcellulose ( MC ) was besides able to organize a gel bed and had similar consequences for both gel and nucleus breadth in both fluids. To reason Quick hydration and subsequent gel formation is a foremost and of import belongings of a polymer for it to be used for sustained release preparation. This is due to the thought that if the polymer does non hydrate rapidly, the surface barrier ( gel bed ) can non be formed instantly, which may do a big sum of drug to be released during the fast initial stage. Besides the thicker the bed the better this is because the more the matrix crestless waves, the longer the diffusion way length required for the drug to come out, which consequences in decreasing of release rate. Therefore all four tablets are acceptable to be used as hydrophilic matrices as they all form a gel bed but out of all four matrix tablets I believe XG to hold the best hydration features as it forms the quickest and thickest gel bed. There were a few restrictions. Cuting the tablets may hold affected the measuring of breadth, tabular arraies were hard to manage when nucleus was little and gel bed was big and finding the waterlessness of the nucleus was hard. Experiment A2: The purpose of experiment A2 was to see how different concentrations of polymer effected hydration of the matrix tablet. By and large the tendency shows that as you increase the concentration of polymer the rate of hydration lessenings. The consequences for the two fluids were similar nevertheless the hydration rate was somewhat greater in SGF. 5 % of polymer was excessively small to even organize a gel bed and therefore the tablet disintegrated directly off. At 10 % there was rapid formation of a gel bed nevertheless the nucleus breadth was low and the nucleus was wet bespeaking a high rate of drug release and the tablet disintegrated by 240mins. For 15, 20 and 30 % a gel bed did signifier at a slower rate severally but at that place was a higher nucleus breadth and the nucleus was drier. To reason, the greater the concentration of the polymer the thicker the gel bed. However it takes longer to organize. When the concentration of HPMC is low the gel bed is non thick and the hydrous matrix would be extremely porous with a low grade of tortuousness taking to low gel strength and rapid diffusion of the drug from matrix. Besides the addition in lactose at low concentrations of polymer agencies that it disintegrates faster. At high concentrations the matrix is more compact and the intermolecular interactions between the polymer means it is less porous so it takes longer to hydrate but when it does it organize a thick syrupy bed forestalling increased drug release. I believe at that place needs to be a via media between the rate of hydration and drug release. Therefore the best concentration to utilize would be about 20 % as it is able to organize a gel bed within 30mins and forestall a high rate of drug release. The restrictions for this experiment were similar to those fr om A1 Experiment A3: Experiment A3 involved the usage of the decomposition rigs. The thought of this trial was to see how polymer concentration effects hydration and decomposition of hydrophilic matrix tablets. The decomposition of three different concentrations ( 5, 15 and 30 % ) of SA, XG and HPMC were tested in SGF and SIF. For SA the general tendency showed that as polymer concentration increases the tablet disintegrates less. As discussed above in SGF SA forms an indissoluble polymer which makes it thicker than the bed in SIF. Therefore it would take longer for fluid to perforate the tablet in SGF and that is why it disintegrates quicker in SIF. In SIF it to the full disintegrates by 45mins for all concentrations but the tablet is still present in the SGF at this clip. For XG none of the tablets in both fluids managed to disintegrate. Disintegration was faster in SGF. This could be due to the sourness of the SGF. For SIF all three different concentration seemed to demo the same decomposition profile. As concentration increased in SGF the clip taken for decomposition increased like SA. For HPMC the consequences were surprising. For both the fluids all the concentrations of HPMC disintegrated wholly within the first hr and no gel bed was observed. Decomposition was faster in SIF. For SGF it took longer at higher concentrations. Therefore it did non demo sustained release belongingss like XG and SA. There were many restrictions. Exact clip of decomposition was difficult to find due to the clip intervals. Two different people were taking consequences so they would hold different subjective positions. Besides the graduated table used was obscure. The tablets could hold been assayed and more concentrations should hold been tested. Part B ( drug release ) : Part B was used to prove the drug release belongingss of hydrophilic matrix tablets. In order to make this the consequences obtained from the basket disintegration setup will be compared to the consequences from the flow rig setup. This will let us to find which disintegration method is more accurate every bit good as comparing their variableness. Revolving basket: If we look at the graph that shows the sum of drug released against clip. We can see that every bit shortly as the lactose tablet is inserted into the SIF there is an initial explosion of drug release. The sum of drug released continues to increase at a fast rate until around 30min where it begins to plateau and so lessening. The drug is released rapidly from the lactose tablet as there is no gel bed formed to decelerate the diffusion of drug out. Therefore the fluid rapidly disintegrates the milk sugar and all the drug is released. For the polymer tablet there is once more an initial explosion of drug release precisely the same as the lactose tablet. This is because the gel bed has non formed yet. Once the bed forms the sum of drug released begins to diminish compared to the control. It plateaus at around 15mins and so continues to let go of the same sum of drug for the remainder of the experiment. Therefore drug release continues for a longer period indicating sustained release. The rate of drug released for both the tablets start high and so bit by bit decreases. For the control the rate of release is ever greater than that of the polymer shown by the graph. For the control the drug is released quickly until there is none left. With the polymer it shows good modified release as the rate is a batch lower and is comparatively changeless between 5 to 15 mins. Flow -through rig: The flow rig showed clear conclusive consequences about the release profiles for the two different types of tablets. If we look at the graph demoing concentration of drug release over clip we can see directly off the modified release features of the polymer tablet. For the control every bit shortly as the rig is turned on we get immediate drug release. It continues to lift quickly until 10min and so begins to diminish until 60min where it is so wholly disintegrated. Both the tablets had disintegrated wholly. For the polymer we can once more see an initial explosion of drug release. This is because the gel bed has non formed. After 5 min one time the bed has formed the graph tableland and there is a changeless sum of drug released until 120min nevertheless the concentration of drug released is a batch lower than that of the control. When compared to the control there is a clear difference in the two release profiles. The two rigs both analysed the same thing but both had differing methods and gave different consequences. The basket method was simpler to put up and less fiddly to take consequences. However there were restrictions. Air bubbles on the basket could hold altered drug release, it was hard to reel the readings and during the start the clip intervals were really close together doing it difficult to take all the readings. The flow rig besides had drawbacks. First our setup 3 flow tubings were leaky. This meant that merchandise would hold been lost. Besides for one of the control rig the flow rig stopped working and no more consequences could be taken. Therefore we were unable to add mistake bars to the control graph. Finally merchandise may hold been lost when reassigning the pipes. Besides for both the experiments they did non mime the proper physiological conditions that would be present in the organic structure. If we compare the two methods I believe the flow-through rig gave more acc urate dependable consequences. The mistake bars were greater in the basket method significance at that place was a batch of fluctuation and the consequences would be hard to reproduce. Besides for the flow rig both groups showed indistinguishable consequences this was non the instance for basket. The flow rig showed the concentration of drug released at precisely the clip specified whereas the basket method shows the entire sum of drug released by the tablet at the specific clip so it is cumulative. Therefore the consequences for the flow rig are more good and manageable as the one graph gives all the needed information. Besides if the tubings were crystalline we could see the tablet. A reciprocating cylinder was besides used to prove drug release. Even though it mimics physiological conditions the best it provided inconclusive consequences in SIF for SGF it once more showed a lower rate of drug release for the polymer. However the mistake bars were really big for all the consequences and hence non accurate. Decision: By comparing the consequences from all the experiments we can reason Xanthan Gum is the best polymer to utilize for sustained release preparations, nevertheless all the polymers used produced acceptable hydrophilic matrices. XG had the most advantageous hydration profile compared to the other polymers as explained in the decision of portion A1. It can besides be seen that concentration of the polymer has an consequence on hydration explained in the decision of portion A2. XG showed sustained release at all concentrations but 15 % would be the best via media between decomposition clip and drug release. Finally drug release from tablets with polymers can clearly demo sustained release when tested by many different disintegration rigs nevertheless the flow-through rig proved to be the most successful.

Base and Superstructure Definition of Marxs Terms

Base and Superstructure Definition of Marxs Terms Base and superstructure are two linked theoretical concepts developed by Karl Marx, one of the founders of sociology. Simply put, base refers to the forces and relations of production- to all the people, relationships between them, the roles that they play, and the materials and resources involved in producing the things needed by society. Thomas Lohnes / Getty Images Superstructure Superstructure, quite simply and expansively, refers to all other aspects of society. It includes culture, ideology (world views, ideas, values, and beliefs), norms and expectations, identities that people inhabit, social institutions (education, religion, media, family, among others), the political structure, and the state (the political apparatus that governs society). Marx argued that the superstructure grows out of the base, and reflects the interests of the ruling class that controls it. As such, the superstructure justifies how the base operates, and in doing so, justifies the power of the ruling class. From a sociological standpoint, it’s important to recognize that neither the base nor the superstructure is naturally occurring, nor are they static. They are both social creations (created by people in a society), and both are the accumulation of social processes and interactions between people that are constantly playing out, shifting, and evolving. Extended Definition Marx theorized that the superstructure effectively grows out of the base and that it reflects the interests of the ruling class that controls the base (called the â€Å"bourgeoisie† in Marx’s time). In The German Ideology, written with Friedrich Engels, Marx offered a critique of Hegel’s theory of how society operates, which was based on principles of Idealism. Hegel asserted that ideology determines social lifethat the reality of the world around us is determined by our mind, by our thoughts. Historical Shifts to a Capitalist Mode of Production Considering historical shifts in relations of production, most importantly, the shift from feudalist to capitalist production, Marx was not content with Hegel’s theory. He believed that the shift to a capitalist mode of production had sweeping implications for the social structure, culture, institutions, and ideology of society- that it reconfigured the superstructure in drastic ways. He posed instead a â€Å"materialist† way of understanding history (â€Å"historical materialism†), which is the idea that the material conditions of our existence, what we produce in order to live and how we go about doing so, determines all else in society. Building on this idea, Marx posed a new way of thinking about the relationship between thought and lived reality with his theory of the relationship between base and superstructure. Importantly, Marx argued that this is not a neutral relationship. There is a lot at stake in the way the superstructure emerges out of the base, because as the place where norms, values, beliefs, and ideology reside, the superstructure serves to legitimate the base. The superstructure creates the conditions in which the relations of production seem right, just, or even natural, though, in reality, they may be deeply unjust, and designed to benefit only the minority ruling class, rather than the majority working class. Marx argued that religious ideology that urged people to obey authority and work hard for salvation in the afterlife was a way in which superstructure justifies the base because it generates an acceptance of one’s conditions as they are. Following Marx, Antonio Gramsci elaborated on the role of education in training people to obediently serve in their designated roles in the division of labor, depending upon into which class they were born. Marx and Gramsci also wrote about the role of the state- the political apparatus- in protecting the interests of the ruling class. In recent history, state bailouts of collapsing private banks is an example of this. Early Writing In his early writing, Marx was very committed to the principles of historical materialism, and the related one-way causal relationship between base and superstructure. However, as his theory evolved and grew more complex over time, Marx reframed the relationship between base and superstructure as dialectical, meaning that each influences what happens in the other. Thus, if something changes in the base, it causes changes in the superstructure, and vice versa. Marx believed in the possibility of a revolution among the working class because he thought that once workers realized the extent to which they were exploited and harmed for the benefit of the ruling class, then they would decide to change things, and a significant change in the base, in terms of how goods are produced, by whom, and on what terms, would follow.

Bank Annual Report Assignment - Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bank Annual Report Assignment - Economics - Essay Example Other mining activities accounted for ASD 0.83 billions forming 0.22% of the total GDP.Thus taking the contribution of mining industries to 32.78 %( Annual 2004). Annual Report of the Central Bank of United Arab Emirates for the year 2004 has the data at Table (2-1) that Manufacturing and Construction Sectors contributed ASD 70.43 billions to 2004 GDP at constant prices of ASD 323.60 billions. In percentage terms this contribution came to 21.76 %( rounded off to 22%). Table(2-2) of the Annual report further shows that Manufacturing and Construction Sectors contributed ASD 78.02 billions to 2004 GDP at current prices of ASD 378.61 billions. In percentage terms this contribution came to 20.61 %( Annual 2004). Table(2-8) ,captioned 'Employees by Economic Sectors' , of the Annual Report of the Central Bank of United Arab Emirates for the year 2004 has the data that UAE had a total of 2.46 million employees in UAE in 2004.Of this 0.27 million were engaged in the Government Sector forming about 10.98% of the total employees. As against this Oil& Gas, and Manufacturing sectors deployed 0.35 million employees which formed about 14.23 % of the total employees (Annual, 2004).Thus more number of employees were deployed in Oil& Gas, and Manufacturing sectors when compared to the Government Sector.

Segregation of Schools on the Basis of Gender Research Paper

Segregation of Schools on the Basis of Gender - Research Paper Example Smyth (47) observes that several countries, including Australia, New Zealand, and Ireland, continue to have a sizeable number of single-sex schools, where boys and girls receive education at separate classrooms. However, some of the educational centers vehemently turn down any possibility for the mixing of genders at schools. Consequently, they recommend and enforce segmentation of the children on the basis of their gender. In few of the most developed countries, such as the UK, USA, Canada, and India, the students obtain learning classes under one roof without their segregation on a gender basis. The co-educated schooling is actually exercised on the foundation of the Title IX of the U.S. Education Amendments as of 1972, which vehemently outlawed discrimination on the basis of sex in educational programmes receiving federal funds (Halpern et al.) Thus, the U.S. law absolutely rejects the possibility of segregating the schooling of the children in the light of their gender difference s. Theorists maintain different opinions about the co-education and segregated patterns of education for adolescents and young students. Some of the critics declare segregation of educational centers on gender basis as strictly against the norms, values, traditions, and customs which have been prevailing in the contemporary world for the last several decades. They also cite the example of the division of society on the basis of race, ethnicity, and religion, where people get their children admitted to the schools that belong to their own ethnic-racial background. They stick to the opinion that segregation of boys and girls at schools not only paves the way towards the further splitting up of the already divided society but also disables the young generation from comprehending the challenges they are to undergo as professionals in future. The supporters of co-education schooling declare segregation of the students on the basis of gender as strictly against the principles of gender eq uality. Since the statutes of law condemn the practicing of any ethnic, racial, religious or gender discrimination, depriving the children of getting admission into the schools of their choice is absolutely against the basic rights the Human Rights Charter bestows upon them. Since all boys and girls are free to enjoy their human rights and their potential as individuals in economic, socio-cultural, civil and public life, no law can forbid them to enter into the learning process of their choice altogether. In addition, since boys and girls are to become partners at domestic and career life, they have to be able to enter into decisions making in collaboration with one another so that to secure peace and harmony in their homes, communities, and societies. Schools have an important role to play in preparing girls and boys to listen and communicate effectively with each other in order to build this respectful partnership (UNESCO, 2007). Thus, since men and women are to perform all obliga tions and activities, in political, economic, social and cultural fields, they should learn to behave with each other under healthy and competitive environment principles.

Corporate governance Essay Example for Free

Corporate governance Essay Introduction Corporate governance refers to a system of mostly rules, practices as well as procedures that direct as well as control a company. In most cases it involves the balancing of all the stakeholders that have an interest in the company including the management, shareholders, government, the community to mention but a few depending on the company. Essentially, corporate governance provides a framework that if followed will help the company attain its objective in an all round manner. Though a relatively new phenomenon, this concept has been able to take the world by storm with countries that have embraced it turning in a lot of development that their counterparts. The embracing as well as the internalization of corporate governance by different countries has been able to foster growth and development while creating a business friendly environment in which companies can co-exist with the state as well as the communities in which they operate (Fernando, 2009, p.23). Case study: the United States As recent as 2002, the United States enacted the Sarbanes-Oxley bill into law making it an act. This was ushered in to restore the public’s confidence in companies and markets. Prior to this act, there had been a string of bankrupted high profile companies that had been brought down by internal accounting fraud. This left a twist that ensured that the companies would essentially be governed by state laws and therefore failure due to breach of such laws would be answerable to the government. This ensures that not only are the interests of the company shareholders protected but that then community that usually benefits from activities such as employment are also taken care off. Thus, the country has over years adopted different legislations both at the federal as well as state level that ensure that corporate governance is fully realized in the state. Therefore, from the United States, the UK can learn to enact strong legislations that would act as a guidelines to both state as well as the companies and any other stakeholders of the importance of embracing corporate governance. This would also serve the purpose of regulating corporations that will then have to acknowledge the fact that rules have been put in place and therefore have to be followed and that failure of compliance would lead to outlined penalties (Chew Gillan, 2009, p. 3). Case study: India India, unlike the United States, has created a committee that deals with corporate governance know as the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). The board that in most cases takes on a trustee role for all the companies in India was created through the adoption of SEBI Act, 1992. The act gives the body statutory powers to be able to carry out its duties and functions. These approach adopted in India is believed to have been adopted from the Ghanaian principle of trusteeship and that it is a directive of the Indian constitution with a little twist in between. The preamble of the body is to among other functions â€Å"†¦to protect the interests of investors in securities and to promote the growth (Das, 2008, p. 7). Reference Chew, D. H., Gillan, S. L. 2009. U.S. corporate governance. New York, N.Y., Columbia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   University Press. Das, S. C. 2008. Corporate governance in India: an evaluation. New Delhi, Prentice-Hall of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   India. Fernando, A. C. 2009. Corporate governance: principles, policies and practices. New Delhi,   Ã‚  Ã‚   Pearson Education.

Daily Athenian life :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Famed for its literature, poetry, drama, theatre, schools, buildings, government, and intellectual superiority you have no doubt that your polis, Athens, is clearly the shining star of all Greek city-states.†(Daily life in ancient Greece) Athens was a mighty city-state of Greece. Even though it was a very intellectual and powerful city-state, it did not mean that it was necessarily a good city. Athens was the cause of the Peloponnesian War. It deceived the other city-states by making them send money to Athens, so Athens could build a powerful army to protect Greece from the Persians. Athens started to use that money on the city of Athens. Eventually the citizens of Athens did not have to pay taxes. The other city-states got angry, thus beginning the Peloponnesian war. The war lasted about 30 years, starting from 461-406 BC.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An aristocrat named Cleisthenes, who was trying to gain more power, invented a form of government called democracy. Democracy was used in Athens. Athens was lead by a great statesman named Pericles. He died during the war because of disease. Many people died of the same disease. After the war, Sparta set up a government of thirty tyrants. Two of the tyrants were students of the renowned philosopher, Socrates. That stirred up some controversy later with Socrates and the Athenian aristocrats. A year later the democratic form of government was restored, and the Athenian government went back to normal. Men were prominent figures of government. Women were thought to be foolish and irrational, which we all know is not true. â€Å"Men, in the Greek view, were rational, thinking, stable, normal creatures, while women were irrational, hysterical, and dangerous.†(History for kids) Women for that reason were not given political rights. Athens had good soil, since it was near the coastline. They also had just enough rainfall, not too much or too little. They grew grain, grapes, olives, legumes, lentils, beans and chickpeas. The Athenians believed in many gods, just like all the other people of Greece. They had 7 seven main gods. The most important of all the gods was Zeus, the king of the gods, who was married to his sister Hera. The gods had humanlike characteristics; they got jealous and would do stupid things just like humans do.

Promote equality and inclusion in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings Essay

1. Explain what is meant by Diversity, Equality and Inclusion Equality Equality is the term for treating people fairly and offering the same chances, it’s not all about treating everyone in the same way, but recognising everyone is different, and they all have very different needs, but making sure they are met. These different needs could be race, age, physical health, mental health, gender, sexual orientation, beliefs and creeds. In the workplace, there are many service users, 13 altogether, and each of them have a variety of needs. Some with dementia, others with epilepsy, a group of down syndrome, people of the age of 20 rights through to 70, people with diabetes. DiversityWhere equality is about recognising differences, diversity is about valuing these differences, for example not to along ago a service user came in on respite, he was of an Islamic background. With this there were certain values that came part and parcel of the religion, these were the consumption of Halal meat, praying five times a day and wearing specific clothing. InclusionInclusion is the term used to define the ability to adapt and place measures so that everyone, no matter what their needs are they can participate. see more:equality and diversity in health and social care Many service users hope and want to lead extremely active lifestyles. So with regards to an activity such as the gym, as part of our responsibility 2. Describe the potential effects of discrimination To see the possible effects of discrimination fully, it’s best to look at how it affects from a holistic perspective. With regards to discrimination affecting physical health, this can be a by product of stress and depression. A lot of physical problems can be stress induced such sleeplessness and from this you can end up with a lack of energy, headaches, ulcers. Depression can affect eating habits, getting into the routine of comfort eating; this then would cause weight problems. For those suffering from severe depression it can lead to self harm. From this you can get a massive lack in confidence in one’s own ability, this can then begin to impede on emotional aspects and mental well being. One can almost feel that they lack a voice or authority, a feeling of people unwilling to listen to them. Inducing low self esteem, insecurity, lack of confidence and sudden changes in behaviour. Social effects can include isolation, lack of friends, withdrawing one’s self from society, unrecognized as an individual, feel like a stranger and inability to build relationships. If being discriminated against, the intellectual effects can be massively restricted; this could be a lack of access to education, leading to poor grades in exams or portfolios, a loss of motivation which can impede a wide variety of skills and a lack of self belief. 3. Explain how inclusive practice promotes equality and supports diversity As my role of activities co-ordinator it is absolutely vital that the service users like you or I have the same opportunities. One activity where the organisation is clearly demonstrating is a club called Gresford Scottish Bowls. This club is unique in the sense that there are only about 3 in the UK. However it is not an exclusively LD group. The club opened its doors to about 5 service users. It is a game intricate skill, now it is very rare, and I have had lots of problems with group allowing service users to join. The service users have taken to it very well, one is a sub-skip of a team, one service user won the singles championship. By allowing them this opportunity it breaks the negative barrier held by mainstream society and in this example by including them they have an equal opportunity, and demonstrate that they are more than capable of holding their own. Another example is getting two service users enrolled into the local college, it is a basic human right that every human is allowed to have an education. Though specific measures need to be taken, such as support staff, assistance with the work, they get that equal opportunity. On a larger scale however, the organisation has just taken a massive step forward. This is to do with the funding for one on one hours. The manager has managed to gain equal one on one hours for every service user. This means that for once in the organisations existence they can provide an equal service, to each individual and the will all have an equal amount of support. This is demonstrates inclusive practice leading to equality, however each set of hours can be different for each service user which embraces diversity.

“Optimal Versus Naive Diversification: How Inefficient Is the 1/N Portfolio Strategy” †a Critique

â€Å"Optimal Versus Naive Diversification: How Inefficient Is The 1/N Portfolio Strategy† – A Critique Title: The title of the paper â€Å"Optimal Versus Naive Diversification: How Inefficient Is The 1/N Portfolio Strategy† has been reasonably well phrased.However, it can be argued that the title is a little misleading as the principal objective of the paper is to test how efficient different optimal diversification strategies are using the 1/N portfolio strategy as the benchmark and not to try and elucidate the merits of the 1/N strategy, which the authors are certainly neither advocating for practical purposes nor seemingly seeking to foster greater intellectual attention on the simplistic strategy. The title could have simply been â€Å"How Efficient Really Are Today’s ‘Optimal’ Diversification Strategies? But, care has to be taken before coming to the above conclusion that the authors might have appreciably so, intentionally used the tit le they have in order to attract further attention to their paper by stressing the obvious irony and possible iconoclasm in their conclusions. Abstract: The abstract has been very well written. It captures the essence of the study and conveys the crux of it lucidly to the reader. However, it would have augured better to start the abstract by stating the objective of the study in addition to it being mentioned in the text of the article just as the authors have.That way, the abstract would have had greater clarity. Motivation: The inherent motivation behind the study is laudable and the implied motivation derived from the conclusion is obvious. However, the motivation itself has unfortunately not been sufficiently expressed. Apart from a one-sentence objective, nothing else has been explicitly written about why the study was undertaken. There is one other sentence, which could be construed as the motivation. But, the authors themselves have not given the sentence the same attribute. The sentence itself is a reference to a revious study that found that many investors used the 1/N diversification strategy ignoring several other sophisticated theoretical models and is stated to only justify their usage of the 1/N diversification strategy as the benchmark. It could have been elaborated upon with additional related facts and further evidence supported by literature. Also, a separate paragraph with a heading called â€Å"Motivation† would be desirable to the readers. Introduction: The topic covered by the article has been adequately introduced. The brief description of the various asset allocation models and how they are related to each other is commendable.The introduction has also carefully introduced the methodology, the observations and the results and the conclusions in a logical and concise manner such that readers might understand the study by just reading this part. However, the literature on the Bayesian and non-Bayesian approaches has only been brief ly mentioned in one paragraph. Considering how significant the contribution of the stated articles to the current study might be, it would have only been fitting to include a section called ‘Literature Review’ elaborating on them substantially more than the authors have.That way, they could have been able to make a clearer connection on how the previous studies relate to the motivation and methodology of their study. However, it should be noted that word limits might have been a constraint. In addition, the introduction must be a definite section that is called ‘Introduction’. Methodology: The authors have adopted a robust methodology to evaluate the performance of the diversification strategies discussed. They have been explained in great detail with sufficient appendices in an easily understandable format.There is not much scope for improvement in the methodology and the authors must be greatly appreciated for it. Data: The data has been obtained from hig hly reliable sources, thereby implying that there is hardly any margin for error in the data. No bias or subjectivity is evident. The data has been properly classified and well presented. Results: With well-defined methodology and credible sources, the results of the study are factually accurate even though it can be argued that conclusions from the same are a function of their interpretation just as in every other study. However, there is a drawback concerning the same.The authors have only limited themselves to comparing the performance of models of optimal asset allocation that consider moments of asset returns and not other characteristics of the assets. The authors could have included a section within the discussion of their results in which they could have compared their results with that of other similar studies, even if they involved the analysis of fewer diversification strategies, and sought to establish a reasoning behind how the possible differences between the results o f the studies might be related to variations in their respective methodologies or data.They could have also sought to describe how their study and the underlying methodology have helped overcome previous voids in relevant literature. It might have even been advisable to express why their study is more accurate and hence superior to the others if they did think so. In case the study was known, to their knowledge to be unprecedented and unrelated to any comparative study of portfolio diversification strategies, it should have been explicitly stated as the reason why the above-said was not done.But, it has to be noted that the authors have indeed done the above-said, but only with respect to two of their important assumptions, i. e. , Brandt et al (2007)’s approach to constructing the optimal portfolio using cross-sectional characteristics of equity returns and the dynamic asset allocation models of Campbell and Viciera (1999; 2001) and Campbell et al (2003). Conclusions: The co nclusions of the study are definitely iconoclastic and have huge repercussions for the research community.It points out how inefficient the numerous theoretical models that have been developed on portfolio diversification are clearly indicates that an enormous amount of research has to be undertaken to address this serious shortcoming. The conclusions have been expressed concisely and the limitations of the study have been stated. Their recommendation on the direction for further research is well thought out and justified by their findings and is hence highly commendable.

The Top 100 Transportation Jobs to Look for Right Now

The Top 100 Transportation Jobs to Look for Right Now If you’re interested in a career in transportation, or in finding a new career in the field, the tides of the industry are on your side. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), jobs that fall under the category of â€Å"transportation and material moving† are projected to grow through the year 2024, adding hundreds of thousands of jobs. Jobs in transportation can fall under many umbrellas. Check out the most thriving jobs in the field and see if one might be a good fit for you.Air Asset ControllerAir Traffic ControllerAircraft CaptainAircraft Quality Control InspectorAirfield Operations ManagerAirfield Operations SpecialistAirfield Operations SupervisorAirline DispatcherAirport Grounds Operations WorkerAirport ManagerAirport TransporterAirworthiness SpecialistAmbulance DriverAviation ManagerAviation Safety InspectorBoat CaptainBoat OperatorBoom Truck OperatorBulk DriverBus DriverChauffeurClass A DriverClass B DriverConductorCopilotDeck OfficerDock MasterDrive rDriver HelperDriver ManagerDriver SupervisorDriving TeacherDump Truck OperatorEmergency Vehicle DriverEquipment MoverFlatbed Truck DriverFlight AnalystFlight AttendantFlight CoordinatorFlight EngineerFlight InstructorFlight NavigatorFlight SchedulerForklift OperatorGeneral Transportation DirectorHelicopter PilotHousehold MoverJet PilotLocomotive EngineerLog Truck DriverMapping PilotMarine OilerMedical Cylinder DriverMotor Coach OperatorOver the Road Driver (OTR Driver)Owner / OperatorPallet Jack OperatorParking Lot AttendantParking Services SpecialistParking Systems ManagerPassenger Service AgentPatient Transport DriverPick Up and Delivery DriverPilotRail Motor Coach OperatorRamp AgentRelief DriverResidential DriverRoute DriverSailorSanitation DriverService Station AttendantShip CaptainShip Chief EngineerShip NavigatorShip SuperintendentShuttle DriverSimulator InstructorSkycapStacker OperatorStreet Cleaning Equipment OperatorSubway and Streetcar OperatorTaxi DriverTest PilotTest Pi lot ManagerTicket AgentTolling SpecialistTow Truck DriverTrain ManagerTransit DirectorTransit ManagerTransit OperatorTransit PlannerTransportation AideTransportation AnalystTransportation Facility RepresentativeTransportation InspectorTransportation Mobility ManagerTransporterTruck DriverVan DriverWheelchair Van DriverYard HostlerAccording to BLS, the median annual wage for transportation occupations was $30,730 in 2016.Education requirements differ for professions within the transportation field- many ask for no formal education or a high school diploma, while some require a post-secondary degree.This is a varied fields with lots of opportunity nationwide- do some searching to find the perfect position for your career goals!

Strategies for Gathering and Evaluating Sources Essay

Strategies for Gathering and Evaluating Sources - Essay Example The information was last published in the year 2003 and has not been updated of late. There are however other resources that can be found from a variety of books. In addition, the materials found in this article do match the content in most of the other articles. In addition, this article gives case studies that highlight issues that concern censorship in many nations. The author is a music lecturer at the University of Connecticut and has dwelt on the issues affecting censorship for several years. He describes what is already known from other sources and adds little from his personal experiences. The experience that the author has in the field enables him to handle the complexities that arise from the topic under consideration. The information was last published in the year 2006 and has not been updated of late. However, there are other sources that have the latest information regarding censorship in music but which match the content of the article. The article brings forth the newest research concerning the topic of censorship in Africa along with various case studies on the issue. The article focuses on any attempts that are being made in the continent for the purpose of censoring musicians along with the strategies that the musicians have devised for resisting these moves. Nuzum describes what is already known and is unknown in the industry and adds little from his personal experiences. The experience that the author has in the field enables him to handle the complexities that arise from the topic under consideration. The information was last published in the year 2001 and was updated in the year 2008. However, other information sources also have the latest information regarding censorship in music but which matches the content of this article. This book by Nuzum provides details of everything an individual would like to know concerning music including what the parents may not like

Fianance enterpreship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Fianance enterpreship - Essay Example The financial manager of the company tries to strike a balance between debt and equity with the aim of maximization of firm value and minimization of cost. It has been seen that the managers are biased in favour of debt owing to the tax benefits associated with debt financing. The interest paid on borrowings is a tax deductible expense. This is the reason the managers prefer debt over equity as it reduces the outflow of the business. However, an excessive reliance on debt is not in the financial interest of the company. An ideal mix of debt and equity is essential. There are various theories on capital structure such as pecking order theory, signalling theory, agency theory, trade-off theory, signalling theory etc. As per the pecking order theory the firm should rely mainly on the internal means of financing like retained earnings. This theory gives credence to retained earnings over the issue of equity. In the event of additional funds requirement the debt mode of funding is preferr ed. The equity issue is used only as a last resort. The main reason for the preference of debt over equity is the lower information costs associated with this mode of funding (Zhao, et al., 2004). The static trade off theory states that the firms try to strike a balance between the benefits associated with interest tax shield and the probability of bankruptcy and failure. The firms with strong cash flows can afford to have high levels of debt as they are assured of fixed future cash flows. But the small sized firms or nascent business firms with limited free cash flows must not use high levels of debt in their capital base. As per the agency theory the managers handle the affairs of the company on the behalf of the company shareholders. This gives rise to agency problems. As the reins of management of the company passes onto the managers and does not remain in the hands of its ‘actual’ owners it gives rise to conflict of interest. It is said that there is a misalignment of the objectives. The managers of the company are accused of investing in risky or unprofitable business ventures instead of passing on the surplus cash flows to the owners (Boodhoo, 2009). On the other hand there is also a view that the shareholders intervene in the smooth functioning of the business which often forces the company to forego lucrative business opportunities. The signalling theory of capital structure suggests that the issue of equity is based on the prevailing market conditions. Suppose the management of the company is of the view that the shares of the company are overpriced then it can resort to the issue of equity. This will help the company in raising higher proceeds from the issue of equity. On the other hand if the managers of the company are of the view that the market has failed to price the shares of the company correctly then it can opt for the debt mode of financing. If the shares of the company are underpriced then it is not feasible to issue equity as this would mean lesser proceeds. It will not just limit the amount of funds raised but will also lead to unnecessary dilution of ownership which is not in the interest of the company from the long term perspective. The financing decisions of a company are influenced by the above theories and views. However the financial managers in a company are biased towards issue of debt owing to the inherent benefits of debt issue. The

Paper narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Paper narrative - Essay Example Removal of $10000 from regular salaries would transfer the lost value to training of stuff however a progressive strategy should be developed to implement this reduction. Training is also an incentive therefore justifiable to remove $5000 from incentive expense and direct to training. Under category employee benefits line item for compensating unemployed is not beneficial to the court removing $10000 reduces that expense. Removing $5000 from group insurance to raise unfunded training is also beneficial. Regrettably under the contemporary economic slump as well as high travel and tuition expenses it is not beneficial for the court for the employees to get out-of- state training. Coupled on the accumulative caseloads and workloads makes it even more demanding. Considering on job training is the best alternative such online courses (Financial administration, 2009). Minimizing cost is the major concept used in my proposed budgetary cuts. Line items that are related to employees are high ranking on priority proposed list for cuts. The cuts are applicable since employees are at the center of the mandated training. A system where the same employees fund the training is a viable approach (Financial administration,

Relationship of Digit Ratio With Cardiovascular Endurance

Relationship of Digit Ratio With Cardiovascular Endurance This first chapter represents a review of the conducted study. In this chapter, there are several subtopics that have been reviewed. The following topics provide the descriptions regarding to background of the study, statement of the problem, research questions, hypotheses involved, conceptual framework, significance of the study, and definition of terms that been used in this study. Lastly, the structure of this study is outlined in the last part of the chapter. BACKGROUND OF STUDY Application of digit ratio which is known to be related to prenatal testosterone hormone had been used widely across the world and its submission in the area of sports, health and fitness had attracted a swarming interest among practitioner and generated many interesting findings. However, in the midst of discovering the application of digit ratio which mainly focused on adults, interest towards the children is still lacking which bring towards the establishment of this study. Digit ratio have stirred considerable amount of research in relation with various traits of putatively linked to sex hormone (Putz, Gaulin, Sporter, McBurney., 2004). Known as the ratio between the second digit, which is the index finger and the fourth digit, the ring finger had shown diversified results with several researcher reported significant correlations between digit ratio and such diverse traits as fertility, sexual attitudes and orientation, status, cognitive abilities, health and athletic prowess (Manning, Churchill Peters, 2007; Coates, Gurnell Rustichini, 2009; Manning, 2002a; Manning et.al., 2007; Williams et.al., 2000). The association between pattern formation and numbers of prenatal testosterone and estrogen may lie in the actions Homeobox or Hox genes in vertebrates, including humans, the Hox gene family is vital for the differentiation of both the urinogenital system (including the testes and ovaries) and the digit (Herault, Fradeau, Zakany Ulnaless., 1997). The sexual dimorphism is determined as early as the 14th week of fetal life, and remains unchanged at puberty. In children, digit ratio has been reported to be associated with measures of fetal growth, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, developmental psychopathology, autism and Asperger’s syndrome (Manning, 2004). Hence, if digit ratio is associated to prenatal testosterone and oestrogen then the differences such as finger ratio should also be determined in utero. Thus indicate that children should reflect differentiation of digit ratio which is fundamentally the same as in adults. Preceding information of major health problems and their threat factors towards children, abundant field based fitness test batteries have been developed to assess fitness in this population. In conjunction with the issues, major reviews covering the matter involved in obtaining accurate and reliable measurements have been published and this include the application of relative length of 2nd (index finger) and 4th (ring finger) as a predictive intervention to be used in diagnosis, prognosis, and in early life-style interventions which may delay onset of disease or facilitate its early detection (Manning Bundred., 2000) Precise measurement of children’s activity is thought-provoking, as the application is characteristically irregular and recurrent; consist of regular, short sessions. However, health related fitness is notoriously difficult to measure and these difficulties are particularly exacerbated when assessing activity in children. Numerous methods exist for the measurement of health related fitness. Selection of a measurement method depends on the purpose of the evaluation, the nature of the study population, and the resources available. The various components of health related fitness can be assessed accurately in the laboratory and, in many cases, in the field by using a composite of performance tests. Valid and reliable assessment measures are critical for identifying relevant trends in the activity patterns of young people and for determining the impact of intervention programs and curriculum implementation. Measures of health related components have been used for many years with children; however, these measures may not accurately reflect levels of their health. Prenatal testosterone has been shown to stimulate anabolic process in skeletal muscle and appears to be principal hormone responsible for the development of strength. Testosterone level increases during early stage of puberty to rapid increase in mid-late puberty in boys whereas high level of oestrogen causes inhibition of muscle growth as a result of skeletal maturation (Manning, Trivers, Thornhill Singh., 2000). Muscular strength improvement among children are negatively associated with changes in overall adiposity (Ruiz et.al., 2009). Clinical and invasive muscle strength measurement of different muscle group is time consuming and a quick and simple measurement might provide a good indication of general muscle strength. Therefore, in this study the implementation of digit ratio is predicted could be used as measuring tools for muscle strength as it had been found to be correlate with prenatal testosterone which is found to be significant with strength among adult male (Fink et.al ., 2006). Furthermore, prenatal testosterone exposure is believed to have an impact on the fetal cardiovascular system with higher levels of testosterone possibly assisting in the development of more efficient running economy (Manning et. al., 2007). There is a strong evidence signifying that cardiorespiratory fitness in childhood and adolescence is a predictor of cardiovascular disease risk factors such as abnormal blood lipids, high blood pressure and overall and central adiposity later in life (Ruiz et.al.,2009). Adverse CVD (Cardiovascular Disease) risk factors during childhood also seem to track into adulthood (Andersen et.al, 2004) with evidence indicating that the main cause of CVD has their origin in childhood and adolescence (Mc.Gill et.al, 2000; Strong et.al., 1992). Therefore application of digit ratio measurement will be used in this study as a predictor to assess cardiovascular endurance among school. Rapid advancement in socioeconomics situation in many countries in Asia, including Malaysia, has resulted in significant changes in the lifestyle of communities which also affect children in this country. Obesity is associated with adverse health outcomes among both children and adults (Freedman et. al., 2001) and overweight status tends to track from childhood into adulthood (Must et.al., 1992). Due to the treatment of obesity is unsuccessful frequently; primary prevention of obesity has become an important public health priority. Many experts have recommended that public health initiatives to prevent obesity should begin with our youngest children. Therefore, digit ratio which is closely related to prenatal testosterone hormone is predicted in this study to have direct relationship towards body composition physical level among school children. 1.3 CARDIOVASCULAR ENDURANCE In studies investigating the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, the major component of physical fitness that has been related to cardiovascular health or risk has been cardiorespiratory fitness or capacity (also referred to as cardiovascular, aerobic, or endurance fitness or capacity). Although other components of physical fitness, such as muscle strength or endurance, may relate to some aspects of cardiovascular health, few data document these relations. One of the major reasons for measuring cardiovascular fitness in studies of the relation between physical activity and health is that habitual physical activity status is one of the major determinants of cardiovascular fitness. Other determinants include age, sex, heredity, medical status, and selected health-related behaviours (Malina Bouchard, 1989). Thus, tests of cardiovascular fitness can be used as objective, surrogate measures of physical activity status with the understanding that factors other than activity influence the results. The magnitude of the effects of these other factors is generally reduced when changes in fitness are measured to verify changes in activity status. 1.4 MUSCULAR STRENGTH Muscle strength can be measured during performance of either static or dynamic muscle contraction (Wilmore, 1989). Like muscle endurance, strength is specific to the muscle group, and therefore the testing of one muscle group does not provide accurate information about the strength of other muscle groups (Clarke, 1973). Thus, to be effective, strength testing must involve at least several major muscle groups, including the upper body, trunk, and lower body. Standard tests have included the bench press, leg extension, and biceps curl with free weights. The heaviest weight a person can lift one time through the full range of motion is considered the person’s maximum strength. 1.5 BODY COMPOSITION Obesity in children and adolescents is both predominant and increasing in developed and developing countries and is therefore deemed a major international public health issue. Moreover, obesity tracks from adolescent to adulthood with obese adolescents at increased risks of morbidity and mortality in adulthood, irrespective of adult weight status. Obesity caused by chronic energy imbalance resulting in the storing of excess energy adipose tissue. Measuring physical activity following obesity treatment is important to elucidate how treatment has impacted on behaviour that influences energy balance. 1.6PROBLEM STATEMENT During the last decades, a great deal of attention has been devoted to the fitness of children and adolescents. As a result, numerous field based test batteries have been developed to assess fitness in this population. Field test provide reasonable alternative since they are time-efficient, low in cost and equipment requirement can be easily administered to a large number of people simultaneously. However, in order for the assessment to be considered, it should measure what it is supposed to measure. Therefore, digit ratio which is found to be negatively correlating with prenatal testosterone levels in humans could be established as a valid predictor to assess health related fitness and physical activity level will be discovered in this study. Many reported relationships of digit ratio are restricted to adult population. Small amount of research relating digit ratio with children had restricted the application of this method to act as an alternative field test. Biologic development of school age children occurs intensely, unevenly and differently among individuals. Greater sensitivity to detect biological sources of variation in children ability to exert maximum muscular effort (muscular strength) and the ability of heart to deliver oxygen to working muscle and sustain for long period of time (cardiovascular endurance) is believe could be predicted by digit ratio (prenatal testosterone hormone). If digit ratio in adults correlates with prenatal testosterone, it is expected to be presented in young children as the digit ratio among individuals should not change with growth and digit ratio should show little absolute change with growth in children (Manning et. al., 1998). PURPOSE OF STUDY The purposes of this study were threefold. First was to identify the relationship of digit ratio with cardiovascular endurance among school children. A secondary purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of digit ratio with muscular endurance among school children among school children. Lastly, the purpose of study was to provide current scientific evidence based data related with digit ratio in relation with body composition among school children that could be implemented as a new measurement intervention on measuring cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength and body composition among school children. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Muscular strength, cardiovascular endurance and body composition are predicted through digit ratio are the main objectives of this study. Therefore, the objectives of this study are: To determine the relationship between digit ratio and muscular strength among public school children in Selangor. To measure the relationship between digit ratio and cardiovascular endurance among public school children in Selangor. To determine the relationship between digit ratio and body composition among public school children in Selangor. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES Based on the issues regarding muscular strength, cardiovascular endurance and body composition with digit ratio measurement that need to be addressed, the following hypotheses were formed to identify the outcome of this study. Therefore, for the purpose of this study, the hypotheses are: Ho1 : There is no significant relationship between digit ratio and muscular strength among public school children in Selangor. Ho2 : There is no significant relationship between digit ratio and cardiovascular endurance among public school children in Selangor. Ho3 : There is no significant relationship between digit ratio measurement and body composition among public school children in Selangor. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY The outcome of this study is hope could act as an alternative approach on predicting muscular strength, cardiovascular endurance and body composition among children through implementation of simple, quick and reliable digit ratio measurement. Besides that, this study also hopes could be part of a measurement application for talent identification consideration among children especially school children. Lastly, the significance of this study is hope to provide additional information with relationship of biological marker to identify muscular strength, cardiovascular endurance and body composition among children as current biological testing to identify biological condition among children require laboratory testing only. SCOPE AND LIMITATION The scope of this study is to provide new alternative and reliable method in predicting muscular strength, cardiovascular endurance and body composition among school children in Selangor. This however will limit to only selected physical fitness test and not applicable for comparison with other physical test. Number of subjects will be used in this study is based on current student intake throughout public school in Selangor with consideration of age. Therefore, from 645 primary school in Selangor, a different amount of subject from different numbers of school may render different outcome. DEFINITION OF TERM Digit Ratio In this study, digit ratio is a relative length between the second finger (index finger) and the fourth finger (ring finger). It is sexually dimorphic with male having a lower mean compared to female and shown to be positively correlated with oestrogen and negatively correlated with prenatal testosterone. Cardiovascular Endurance A health-related component of physical endurance fitness that relates to the ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply fuel during sustained physical activity and to eliminate fatigue products after supplying fuel which in this study indicate through bleep test. Muscular Strength Muscular strength is another health-related component of physical fitness that relates to the amount of external force that a muscle can exert. It is important as every human body movement require certain amount of strength in order to execute certain activities. This will be determine in this study through handgrip strength test. Body Composition Body composition refers to the combination of lean tissue and fat tissue in the body. In this study, body composition among school children will be determine through several measurement method which were the two sites skinfold measurement and body mass index in order to identify which method could be a valid predictor of body composition. Physical Activity Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscle. Physical activity can be categorized by several variables including type and intensity. In this study, every school children physical activity level will be predicted through series of fitness testing as well as digit ratio measurement in order to determine current health related component level of school children especially in Selangor. Obesity Obesity is defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. Fundamental cause of obesity is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended. Changes in dietary and physical activity patterns are often the results of health and fitness implication among children which is also mainly the reasons why this research is conducted. Body Mass Index (BMI) Body mass index is a simplify calculation of weight-for-height that is usually used to classify overweight and obesity in adult and children. A BMI greater than or equal to 25 is oversight while BMI greater than or equal to 30 is obesity.