Roosevelt s Policy Of Police Power Over The Western...

American imperialism began in 1898 with the Spanish American war and teddy Roosevelt’s policy of police power over the western hemisphere. This war one Americas greatest victories. The Spanish American war was great turning for America. They gained Cuba, Guam and Puerto Rico from Spain. Spain defeat showed America’s world power to other nations. This war prepared them to fight in Europe. The United States had many of goods transporting to Europe. The US increasing economic grew immensely and that made them more powerful. Most of its intervention occurred in the western hemisphere. He separated the Panama from Columbia to build the Panama Canal. In order to achieve this he gave the Panamanians independence and treaty giving him the right to build the canal. He facilitated one the greatest construction in that time by building the canal for better trade and cut shipping times. Roosevelt’s intervention foreign policy became known as Roosevelt’s Corollary and the Panama Canal was one of the intervention that took place in Central America. Roosevelt’s Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine and the policy gave the right of US to exercise and international police powers to intervene whenever necessary. He wanted protect American and European investments by invading Dominican Republic and Cuba. The role of President Wilson in the war and peace negotiations made him one of the only president’s to have moral intervention with war by protecting everyone’s interest. He brought aShow MoreRelatedProgressivism : A Great Number Of Urban Middle Class1722 Words   |  7 PagesThananun Prasertsup (Nine) History Research 420 Word Count: Progressivism in the Roosevelt Corollary From 1900 to about 1920, a great number of urban middle class people began to consider problems created by urbanization, class conflict, immigration, corruption, etc. This broad movement had large effects on American politics and the name of this time, known as the Progressive Era. Not only did the progressive movement happen in the era, Latin American economic crises also occurred. Venezuela wasRead MoreThe War Of 1905 And The United States863 Words   |  4 Pages After the expansion of power in the federal government in domestic affairs, the Progressive presidents did not want to project American power outside of the borders just yet. At first, their interventions were primarily in the Western Hemisphere. 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Competitive Analysis Shell Company - 1683 Words

COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS Shell is the largest oil, gas, and energy company compared to Total, Exxon, Chevron, and BP. Shell is very competitive and innovative because they out-think their competition always change their strategy to be the best. Shell changed their name from Shell Oil Gas to Shell Energy to set them aside from the competition which was a brilliant move. Peter Voser, the Chief Executive Officer of Royal Dutch Shell stated, â€Å"We are delivering a strategy that others can’t easily repeat, with unique skills in technology and integration and a worldwide set of opportunities for new investment†. Shell recently invested and merged with BG Group and changed the entire portfolio which could possibly make them billions in the†¦show more content†¦BP tends to make bets that others don’t which is most likely why the disastrous deep water horizon oil spill occurred in the Gulf of Mexico five years ago. The fire burned for 36 hours while hydrocarbons leaked into the gulf before the well was sealed, unfortunately eleven individuals died. It has been difficult for BP to be the best company right now since this falling and they have been in reparation mode since this catastrophe. However, BP is now incorporating high safety and showed everyone that they are very reliable on the recovery of this hardship of BP trying to mix oil with water. BP came together to control the situation, cleanup, and diminish as much contamination as possible into the gulf. In addition, they are devoted long term to improve the Gulf of Mexico’s bionetwork and promise to be more careful so this will not happen again. Shell must be sharp and focus to sustain competitive advantage over Total, Exxon, Chevron, and BP. Shell lowered costs at its Canadian operations to ensure that they remain competitive in other regions. Shell is believed to be around longer than any other oil, gas, and energy com pany because of the new patents and creations they are about to be a part of in the alternative energy industry. Shell has countless projects in the future and will still be the largest andShow MoreRelatedMarketing -Segmantation Analysis of Shell1315 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing-Segmentation analysis of Shell Shell Oil Products Company succeeded in building its new brand image to increase retail marketing revenues.In this case analysis, we will use STP to analyze Shell’s sucessful marketing strategy. 1. Segmentation Oil station market consists of buyers who differ in one or more ways, so Shell need first segment its potential consumer market. 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Next, recommend one approach that the American labor market can take in order to lower the direct labor costs of technology products while remaining competitive with the Asian market. Provide a rationale for your res ponse. * Imagine that you are a Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of a company. Recommend tow (2) actions thatRead MoreBusiness and Society Final - Group 06.Doc1478 Words   |  6 PagesGroup Assignment - Project Report Case: Shell Oil in Nigeria CLASS: BUS6351 - 2010SU-25535-BUSINESS AND SOCIETY Submitted by: Group 06 Nawazuddin Mohammed Khaja Randy Janssen Olufunto Ogunnowo Ladarien Richardson James Groesbeck Abstract The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the case â€Å"Shell Oil in Nigeria† presented in our text book â€Å"Business and Society†. 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Renaissance, Its Impact on English Literature Essay Example For Students

Renaissance, Its Impact on English Literature Essay All questions carry equal marks. Total marks for the paper are 8. Total marks for the paper are 80. Note: for Paper Setters 1 . The question paper will consist of three sections I. E. Section-A, B and C. There shall be Ten questions in all. There shall be one question with internal choice on each of the nine chapters prescribed in sections A and B. However, Q No. 10 in section C is compulsory. All questions carry equal marks. Total marks for the paper are 8. Total marks for the paper are 80. Note: for Paper Setters 1 . The question paper will consist of three sections I. E. Section-A, B and C. There shall be Ten questions in all. There shall be one question with internal choice on each of the nine chapters prescribed in sections A and B. However, Q No. 10 in section C is compulsory. 2. Background Reading section aims at testing the candidates understanding of important books/authors/trends/movements/submerges related to this paper. The section will carry one compulsory question of 16 marks requiring the candidates to how acquaintance with any four of the six given items. The candidates are expected to write a paragraph of about 150 words on each of the four items they attempt. Book Prescribed: A New History of English Literature by IBM S Day,Entwined: Dobra Publications, 2006. Section A: Chapter 1-5 Section B: Chapter 6-9 Section C: Background Reading The Baroque Sensibility, Utilitarianism, Victorian Compromise, Women Writers up to Seventeenth Century, Gothic Novel, Pre Raphael Movement, Impressionism, Images, Novel of Ideas, Freud and his Impact on literature. Suggested Reading: David Daisies: A Critical History of English Literature Volvo. 1-4. 2. Compton Rickets: A History of English Literature 3. for vans: A Short History of English Literature 4. Eulogies and Canadian: A History of English Literature Note:The candidates are required to attempt five questions in all. Besides question No. 10 in Section C which is compulsory, the candidates shall attempt two questions each from sections A and B. All questions carry equal marks. Total marks for the paper are 80. Shall be ten questions in all. There shall be one question with internal choice on each f the nine Units prescribed in sections A and B. However, Q No. 10 in section C is compulsory. Section A Unit I Unit II unit Ill unit Unit V Christopher Marlowe: Dry. Faustus William Shakespeare: A Midsummer Nights Dream William Shakespeare: Hamlet Ben Johnson: The Alchemist Richard Brinkley Sheridan: School for Scandal Section B Unit VI Bernard Shaw: Pygmalion Unit VII TTS Eliot: Murder in the Cathedral Unit VIII Samuel Becket: Waiting for God John Osborne: Look Back in Anger Mystery and Morality plays, University Wits, Seneca and the Elizabethan Tragedy,

ZOO (menagerie) Essay Example

ZOO (menagerie) Essay A zoo (short for zoological park or zoological garden, and also called a menagerie) is a facility in which animals are confined within enclosures, displayed to the public, and in which they may also be bred. The term zoological garden refers to zoology, the study of animals, a term deriving from the Greek zoon ((Qov, animal) and logos (Myoq, study). The abbreviation zoo was first used of the London Zoological Gardens, which opened for scientific study in 1828 and to the public in 1847. The number of major animal collections open to the public around the world now exceeds 1,000, around 80 percent of them in cities. Etymology[edit] London Zoo, which opened in 1828, first called itself a menagerie or zoological garden, which is short for Gardens and Menagerie of the Zoological Society of London. The abbreviation zoo first appeared in print in the I-JK around 1847, when it was used for theClifton Zoo, but it was not until some 20 years later that the shortened form became popular in the song Walking in the Zoo on Sunday by music-hall artist Alfred Vance. The term zoological park was used for more expansive facilities in Washington, D. C. , and the Bronx in New York, which opened in 1891 and 1899 respectively. Relatively new terms for zoos coined in the late 20th century are conservation park or biopark. Adopting a new name is a strategy used by some zoo professionals to distance their institutions from the stereotypical and nowadays criticized zoo concept of the 19th century. The term biopark was first coined and developed by the National Zoo in Washington D. C. in the late 1980s. In 1993, theNew York Zoological Society changed its name to the Wildlife Conservation Society and rebranded the zoos under its Jurisdiction as wildlife conservation parks. HistoryFurther information: Menagerie Ancient world We will write a custom essay sample on ZOO (menagerie) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on ZOO (menagerie) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on ZOO (menagerie) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The predecessor of the zoological garden is the menagerie, which has a long history from the ancient world to modern times. The oldest known zoological collection was revealed during excavations at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in 2009, of a ca. 3500 B. C. menagerie. The exotic animals included hippos, hartebeest, elephants, baboons and wildcats. King Ashur-bel-kala of the Middle Assyrian Empire created Zoological and Botanical Gardens in the 1 lth Century BC. In the 2nd century BCE, the Chinese Empress Tanki had a house of deer built, and King Wen of Zhou kept a 1,500-acre (6. 1 km2) zoo called Ling-Yu, or the Garden of Intelligence. Other well-known collectors of animals included King Solomon of the Kingdom of Israel and Judah, queen Semiramis and king Ashurbanipal of Assyria, and KingNebuchadnezzar of Babylonia. By the 4th century BCE, zoos existed in most of the Greek city states; Alexander the Great is known to have sent animals that he found on his military expeditions back to Greece. The Roman emperors kept private collections of animals for study or for use in the arena, the latter faring notoriously in 366 BCE: At one time, a bear and a bull, chained together, rolled in fierce combat across the sand Four hundred bears were killed in a single day under Caligula Under Nero, four hundred tigers fought with bulls and elephants. In a single day, at the dedication of the Colosseum by Titus, five thousand animals perished. Under Trajan lions, tigers, elephants, rhinoceroses, hippopotami, giraffes, bulls, stags, even crocodiles and serpents were employed to give novelty to the spectacle Medieval England Henry I of England kept a collection of animals at his palace in Woodstock, which reportedly included lions, leopards, and camels. The most prominent collection in medieval England was in the Tower of London, created as early as 1204 by King John l. Henry Illreceived a wedding gift in 1235 of three leopards from Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, and in 1264, the animals were moved to the Bulwark, renamed the Lion Tower, near the main western entrance of the Tower. It was opened to the public during the reign ofElizabeth I in the 16th century. During the 18th century, the price of admission was three half-pence, or the supply of a cat or dog for feeding to the lions. The animals were moved to the London Zoo when it opened. 16th century onwards[ The oldest zoo in the world still in existence is the Tiergarten Sch? ¶nbrunn in Vienna, Austria. It was constructed by Adrian van Stekhoven in 1752 at the order of the Holy Roman Emperor Francis l, husband of Maria Theresa of Austria, to serve as an imperial menagerie as part of Sch? ¶nbrunn Palace. The menagerie was initially reserved for the viewing pleasure of the imperial family and the court, but was made accessible to the public in 1765. In 1775, a zoo was founded in Madrid, and in 1795, the zoo inside the Jardin des Plantes in Paris was founded by Jacques-Henri Bernardin, with animals from the royal menagerie at Versailles, primarily for scientific research and education. The Kazan Zoo, the first zoo in Russia was founded in 1806 by the Professor of Kazan State University Karl Fuchs. The Zoological Society of London, founded in 1826 by Stamford Raffles, adopted the idea of the Paris zoo when they established the London Zoo in Regents Park in 1828, which opened to paying visitors in 1847. Dublin Zoo was opened in 1831 by members of the medical profession interested in studying animals while they were alive and more particularly getting hold of them when they were dead. Germanys first zoo opened in 1844 the Berlin Zoological Garden. The first zoological garden in Australia was Melbourne Zoo in 1860. In the same year, Central Park Zoo, the first public zoo in the United States, opened in New York, although in 1859, the Philadelphia Zoological Society had made an effort to establish a zoo, but delayed opening it until 1874 because of the American Civil War. The zoo in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India is one of the oldest in the country, and was established as an adjunct to the Museum in 1857 by the erstwhile Maharaja of Travancore in order to attract more visitors. Lahore Zoo in Lahore, Pakistan was established in 1872 by a local philanthropist Lal Mahundra Ram and Lahore Municipal Corporation. In 1907, the German entrepreneur Carl Hagenbeck founded the Tierpark Hagenbeck in Stellingen, now a quarter of Hamburg. It is known for being the first zoo to use open enclosures surrounded by moats, rather than barred cages, to better approximate animals natural few zoos began to consider making conservation their central role, with Gerald Durrell of the Jersey Zoo, George Rabb of Brookfield Zoo, and William Conway of the Bronx Zoo (Wildlife Conservation Society) leading the discussion. From then on, zoo professionals became increasingly aware of the need to engage themselves in onservation programs, and the American Zoo Associationsoon said that conservation was its highest priority. Because they wanted to stress conservation issues, many large zoos stopped the practice of having animals perform tricks for visitors. The Detroit Zoo, for example, stopped its elephant show in 1969, and its chimpanzee show in 1983, acknowledging that the trainers had probably abused the animals to get them to perform. Human exhibits Human beings were sometimes displayed in cages along with non-human animals, supposedly to illustrate the differences between people of European and non- European origin. In September 1906, William Hornaday, director of the Bronx Zoo in New York†with the agreement of Madison Grant, head of the New York Zoological Society†had Ota Benga, a Congolese pygmy, displayed in a cage with the chimpanzees, then with an orangutannamed Dohong, and a parrot. The exhibit was intended as an example of the missing link between the orangutan and white man. It triggered protests from the citys clergymen, but the public reportedly flocked to see it. Human beings were also displayed in cages during the 1931 Paris Colonial Exposition, and as late as 1958 in a Congolese village display at Expo 58 in Brussels. Appearance and type[ Zoo animals usually live in enclosures that attempt to replicate their natural habitats, for the benefit of the animals and the visitors. They may have special buildings for nocturnalanimals, with dim white or red lighting used during the day, so the animals will be active when visitors are there, and brighter lights at night to help them sleep. Special climate conditions are created for animals living in radical environments, such as penguins. Special enclosures for birds, mammals, insects, reptiles, fish, and other aquatic life forms have also been developed. Some zoos have walk-through exhibits where visitors enter enclosures of non-aggressive species, such as lemurs, marmosets, birds, lizards, and turtles. Visitors are asked to keep to paths and avoid showing or eating foods that the animals might snatch. Open-range zoos Some zoos keep fewer animals in larger, outdoor enclosures, confining them with moats and fences, rather than in cages. Safari parks, also known as zoo parks and lion farms, allow visitors to drive through them and come in close contact with the animals. The first of this kind of zoo was Whipsnade Park in Bedfordshire, England, opened by the Zoological Society of London in 1931, and covering 600 acres (2. 4 km2). Since the early 1970s, a 1,800 acre (7 km2) park in the San Pasqual Valley near San Diego has featured the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, run by the Zoological Society of San Diego. One of two state-supported zoo parks in North Carolina is the 2,000-acre (8. 1 km2) North Carolina Zoo in Asheboro. The 500-acre (2. 0 km2) Werribee Public aquaria The first public aquarium was opened in London Zoo in 1853. This was followed by the opening of public aquaria in continental Europe (for example, Paris 1859, Hamburg 1864, Berlin 1869, Brighton 1872) and the United States (Boston 1859, Washington 1873, San Francisco Woodwards Garden 1873, New York Battery Park 1896). In 2005 the non-profit Georgia Aquarium with more than 8 million US gallons (30,000 m3; 30,000,000 litres) of marine and fresh water, and more than 100,000 animals of 500 different species opened inAtlanta, Georgia. The aquariums specimens include whale sharks and beluga whales. Roadside zoos Roadside zoos are found throughout North America, particularly in remote locations. They are small, unregulated, for-profit zoos, often intended to attract visitors to some ther facility, such as a gas station. The animals may be trained to perform tricks, and visitors are able to get closer to them than in larger zoos. Since they are sometimes less regulated, roadside zoos are often subject to accusations of neglect] and cruelty. Petting zoos A petting zoo, also called petting farms or childrens zoos, features a combination of domestic animals and wild species that are docile enough to touch and feed. To ensure the animals health, the food is supplied by the zoo, either from vending machines or a kiosk nearby. Animal theme parks An animal theme park is a combination of an amusement park and a zoo, mainly for entertaining and commercial purposes. Marine mammal parks such as Sea World and Marineland are more elaborate dolphinariums keeping whales, and containing additional entertainment attractions. Another kind of animal theme park contains more entertainment and amusement elements than the classical zoo, such as a stage shows, roller coasters, and mythical creatures. Some examples are Busch Gardens Tampa Bay in Tampa, Florida, Disneys Animal Kingdom in Orlando, Florida, Flamingo Land in North Yorkshire, England and Six Flags Discovery Kingdom inValleJo, California . Sources and care of animals When they arrive at a new zoo, animals usually spend time in quarantine, and are given time to acclimatize to their new enclosures which are often designed to mimic their natural environment. For example, some species of penguins may require refrigerated enclosures. Guidelines on necessary care for such animals is published in the International Zoo Yearbook. Conservation and research The position of most modern zoos in Australasia, Europe, and North America, particularly those with scientific societies, is that they display wild animals primarily or the conservationof endangered species, as well as for research purposes and education, and secondarily for the entertainment of visitors, an argument disputed by critics. The Zoological Society of London states in its charter that its aim is the advancement of Zoology and Animal Physiology and the introduction of new and curious subjects of the Animal Kingdom. It maintains two research institutes, the Nuffield Institute of Comparative Medicine and the Wellcome Institute of Comparative Physiology. In the U. S. , the Penrose Research Laboratory of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums produced its first conservation strategy in 1993, nd in November 2004, it adopted a new strategy that sets out the aims and mission of zoological gardens of the 21st century. The breeding of endangered species is coordinated by cooperative breeding programmes containing international studbooks and coordinators, who evaluate the roles of individual animals and institutions from a global or regional perspective, and there are regional programmes all over the world for the conservation of endangered species. Surplus animals In modern, well-regulated zoos breeding of stock is carefully controlled to maintain a self-sustaining global captive population. This is not the case in some less well- regulated zoos, often based in poorer regions. Eric Baratay and Elisabeth Hardouin- Fugier of the Universit? © Jean-Moulin, Lyon, say that the overall stock turnover of animals in a select group of poor zoos was one-fifth to one-fourth over the course of a year†with three-quarters of wild caught apes dying in captivity within the first twenty months. They say that before successful breeding programs, the high mortality rate is the reason for the massive scale of importations. The downside to breeding the animals in captivity is that over time, without additional genetic aterial from the wild, all the animals in captivity can become related. The San Jose Mercury News conducted a two-year study that suggested of the 19,361 certain species of mammals that left accredited zoos in the U. S. between 1992 and 1998, 7,420 (38 percent) went to dealers, auctions, hunting ranches, unaccredited zoos and individuals, and game farms. Condition of the animals The condition of the animals varies widely, predominantly in zoos in countries with little or no regulations. The majority of zoos continue to work to improve their animal enclosures, although constraints like size and expense make it difficult to create ideal aptive environments for some species, such as dolphins and whales. Some critics argue that animals that live in zoos are treated as voyeuristic objects rather than living creatures, and are often driven to insanity in the transition from being free and wild to incarcerated and dependent on humans for survival. A four- decade Oxford University study found that polar bears, lions, tigers, and cheetahs show the most evidence of stress in captivity. The life of elephants in a zoo is extremely different from their life in their natural habitat. There was an elephant named Maggie who lived in zoo in Alaska. She was forced to spend day on end in a small indoor enclosed area because the outside temperature was too frigid for her body to handle. It is incredibly difficult for zoo keepers to provide for the needs of animals like elephants because they usually travel around thirty miles a day and it is impossible to give them roaming space like that in a zoo. Captive animals often show signs of severe distress, people have witnessed elephants bobbing their heads, bears pacing, and wild cats obsessively grooming themselves. Being trapped like that can often cause an animal to suffer psychological problems along with physical roblems from not being in their natural habitat. Live feeding except in exceptional circumstances. However, in the Badaltearing Safari Park in China, zoo visitors can throw live goats into the lions enclosure and watch them being eaten, or can purchase live chickens tied to bamboo rods for the equivalent of 2 dollarseuros to dangle into lion pens. Visitors can drive through the lions compound on buses with specially designed chutes leading into the enclosure into which they can push live chickens. In the Xiongsen Bear and Tiger Mountain Village near Guilin in south-east China, live cows and pigs are thrown to tigers to amuse isitors. In the Qingdao zoo, visitors engage in tortoise baiting, where tortoises are kept inside small rooms with elastic bands round their necks, so that they are unable to retract their heads. Visitors then throw coins at them. The marketing claim is that if you hit one of them on the head and make a wish, it will be fulfilled. Regulation of United States In the United States, any public animal exhibit must be licensed and inspected by the United States Department of Agriculture, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Drug Enforcement Administration, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and others. Depending on the animals they exhibit, the activities of zoos are regulated by laws including the Endangered Species Act, theAnimal Welfare Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and others. Additionally, zoos in North America may choose to pursue accreditation by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA). To achieve accreditation, a zoo must pass an application and inspection process and meet or exceed the AZAs standards for animal health and welfare, fundraising, zoo staffing, and involvement in global conservation efforts. Inspection is performed by three experts (typically one veterinarian, one expert in nimal care, and one expert in zoo management and operations) and then reviewed by a panel of twelve experts before accreditation is awarded. This accreditation process is repeated once every five years. The AZA estimates that there are approximately 2,400 animal exhibits operating under USDA license as of February 2007; fewer than 10% are accredited. Europe In April 1999, the European Union introduced a directive to strengthen the conservation role of zoos, making it a statutory requirement that they participate in conservation and education, and requiring all member states to set up systems for heir licensing and inspection. Zoos are regulated in the UK by the Zoo Licensing Act of 1981, which came into force in 1984. A zoo is defined as any establishment where wild animals are kept for exhibition to which members of the public have access, with or without charge for admission, seven or more days in any period of twelve consecutive months, excluding circuses and pet shops. The Act requires that all zoos be inspected and licensed, and that animals kept in enclosures are provided with a suitable environment in which they can express most normal behavior.

Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets Essay Example

Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets Essay Example Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets Essay Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets Essay How Changes in the Formulation of Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets Effects Drug Release and Tablet Hydration Discussion: Part A ( hydration ) : Experiment A1: Experiment A1 was carried out to see how the belongingss of different polymers consequence the hydration of hydrophilic matrix tablets. Four different polymers were tested Sodium Alginate 100 % ( SA ) , Xanthan Gum 100 % ( XG ) , Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose 100 % ( HPMC ) and Methylcellulose 100 % ( MC ) . These were compared to a control which was a standard lactose tablet. They were all tested in fake stomachic fluid ( SGF ) and fake enteric fluid ( SIF ) individually. First if we compare all the matrix tablets to the milk sugar we can see that the lactose tablet wholly disintegrates with in the first 30mins in both fluids. However the matrix tablets barely disintegrate and are still present at 240mins. This is because the lactose tablet does non incorporate a polymer. Upon initial wetting of the matrix tablets the polymer begins to hydrate organizing a syrupy gel bed. In order for drug to be released it has to spread through this bed. This takes clip and this allows sustained dru g release. Whereas the lactose tablet merely disintegrates and releases all the drug straight off. Sodium alginate ( SA ) is a natural hydrophilic polyose and is a additive polymer. We can see from the consequences that it was quickly able to organize a gel bed nevertheless the size of the gel bed was different in the two fluids. SA formed a larger gel bed in the SGF than the SIF as it got to 4mm in the SGF and merely 2.5 in the SIF. It besides took longer for the gel to increase in size in the SIF. The nucleus breadth decreased as clip went on and were similar for both fluids but overall it was somewhat lower in the SGF at the clip points. The difference in the breadth of the gel bed between the two fluids shows that the hydration of SA is dependent on pH. SIF has a pH of around 7.2 so is impersonal nevertheless SGF has a pH of around 2 to 3 doing it acidic. As the concentration of H ions addition ( in acidic conditions ) there is inter-conversion of carboxylate anions ( sodium alginate ) to free carboxyl groups ( alginic acid ) . This means in acidic conditions like SGF SA is ab le to swell but is indissoluble nevertheless it is soluble in impersonal conditions. Therefore the gel bed may acquire dissolved in SIF and consequence in a lower breadth compared to SGF which would hold a thick gel bed. Hence alterations in pH are likely to change the hydration features of the polymer and consequence its action on sustained drug release. Xanthan gum ( XG ) , an anionic polymer, showed different hydration features compared to SA. It produced the widest gel bed the fastest at 30mins compared to the other polymers in both the fluids. This shows its ability to organize a thick gel bed rapidly. It was besides able to bring forth the widest gel bed in the SIF compared to the other tablets. It had similar features in both fluids which indicated it is non pH dependant. The nucleus breadth is besides similar in both. HPMC besides was able to organize a gel bed nevertheless its size increased the slowest in both fluids when compared to the other polymers. It is non pH dependant. Again the nucleus was similar in both. Cellulose is really soluble and porous this could be why the gel bed was non really thick Methylcellulose ( MC ) was besides able to organize a gel bed and had similar consequences for both gel and nucleus breadth in both fluids. To reason Quick hydration and subsequent gel formation is a foremost and of import belongings of a polymer for it to be used for sustained release preparation. This is due to the thought that if the polymer does non hydrate rapidly, the surface barrier ( gel bed ) can non be formed instantly, which may do a big sum of drug to be released during the fast initial stage. Besides the thicker the bed the better this is because the more the matrix crestless waves, the longer the diffusion way length required for the drug to come out, which consequences in decreasing of release rate. Therefore all four tablets are acceptable to be used as hydrophilic matrices as they all form a gel bed but out of all four matrix tablets I believe XG to hold the best hydration features as it forms the quickest and thickest gel bed. There were a few restrictions. Cuting the tablets may hold affected the measuring of breadth, tabular arraies were hard to manage when nucleus was little and gel bed was big and finding the waterlessness of the nucleus was hard. Experiment A2: The purpose of experiment A2 was to see how different concentrations of polymer effected hydration of the matrix tablet. By and large the tendency shows that as you increase the concentration of polymer the rate of hydration lessenings. The consequences for the two fluids were similar nevertheless the hydration rate was somewhat greater in SGF. 5 % of polymer was excessively small to even organize a gel bed and therefore the tablet disintegrated directly off. At 10 % there was rapid formation of a gel bed nevertheless the nucleus breadth was low and the nucleus was wet bespeaking a high rate of drug release and the tablet disintegrated by 240mins. For 15, 20 and 30 % a gel bed did signifier at a slower rate severally but at that place was a higher nucleus breadth and the nucleus was drier. To reason, the greater the concentration of the polymer the thicker the gel bed. However it takes longer to organize. When the concentration of HPMC is low the gel bed is non thick and the hydrous matrix would be extremely porous with a low grade of tortuousness taking to low gel strength and rapid diffusion of the drug from matrix. Besides the addition in lactose at low concentrations of polymer agencies that it disintegrates faster. At high concentrations the matrix is more compact and the intermolecular interactions between the polymer means it is less porous so it takes longer to hydrate but when it does it organize a thick syrupy bed forestalling increased drug release. I believe at that place needs to be a via media between the rate of hydration and drug release. Therefore the best concentration to utilize would be about 20 % as it is able to organize a gel bed within 30mins and forestall a high rate of drug release. The restrictions for this experiment were similar to those fr om A1 Experiment A3: Experiment A3 involved the usage of the decomposition rigs. The thought of this trial was to see how polymer concentration effects hydration and decomposition of hydrophilic matrix tablets. The decomposition of three different concentrations ( 5, 15 and 30 % ) of SA, XG and HPMC were tested in SGF and SIF. For SA the general tendency showed that as polymer concentration increases the tablet disintegrates less. As discussed above in SGF SA forms an indissoluble polymer which makes it thicker than the bed in SIF. Therefore it would take longer for fluid to perforate the tablet in SGF and that is why it disintegrates quicker in SIF. In SIF it to the full disintegrates by 45mins for all concentrations but the tablet is still present in the SGF at this clip. For XG none of the tablets in both fluids managed to disintegrate. Disintegration was faster in SGF. This could be due to the sourness of the SGF. For SIF all three different concentration seemed to demo the same decomposition profile. As concentration increased in SGF the clip taken for decomposition increased like SA. For HPMC the consequences were surprising. For both the fluids all the concentrations of HPMC disintegrated wholly within the first hr and no gel bed was observed. Decomposition was faster in SIF. For SGF it took longer at higher concentrations. Therefore it did non demo sustained release belongingss like XG and SA. There were many restrictions. Exact clip of decomposition was difficult to find due to the clip intervals. Two different people were taking consequences so they would hold different subjective positions. Besides the graduated table used was obscure. The tablets could hold been assayed and more concentrations should hold been tested. Part B ( drug release ) : Part B was used to prove the drug release belongingss of hydrophilic matrix tablets. In order to make this the consequences obtained from the basket disintegration setup will be compared to the consequences from the flow rig setup. This will let us to find which disintegration method is more accurate every bit good as comparing their variableness. Revolving basket: If we look at the graph that shows the sum of drug released against clip. We can see that every bit shortly as the lactose tablet is inserted into the SIF there is an initial explosion of drug release. The sum of drug released continues to increase at a fast rate until around 30min where it begins to plateau and so lessening. The drug is released rapidly from the lactose tablet as there is no gel bed formed to decelerate the diffusion of drug out. Therefore the fluid rapidly disintegrates the milk sugar and all the drug is released. For the polymer tablet there is once more an initial explosion of drug release precisely the same as the lactose tablet. This is because the gel bed has non formed yet. Once the bed forms the sum of drug released begins to diminish compared to the control. It plateaus at around 15mins and so continues to let go of the same sum of drug for the remainder of the experiment. Therefore drug release continues for a longer period indicating sustained release. The rate of drug released for both the tablets start high and so bit by bit decreases. For the control the rate of release is ever greater than that of the polymer shown by the graph. For the control the drug is released quickly until there is none left. With the polymer it shows good modified release as the rate is a batch lower and is comparatively changeless between 5 to 15 mins. Flow -through rig: The flow rig showed clear conclusive consequences about the release profiles for the two different types of tablets. If we look at the graph demoing concentration of drug release over clip we can see directly off the modified release features of the polymer tablet. For the control every bit shortly as the rig is turned on we get immediate drug release. It continues to lift quickly until 10min and so begins to diminish until 60min where it is so wholly disintegrated. Both the tablets had disintegrated wholly. For the polymer we can once more see an initial explosion of drug release. This is because the gel bed has non formed. After 5 min one time the bed has formed the graph tableland and there is a changeless sum of drug released until 120min nevertheless the concentration of drug released is a batch lower than that of the control. When compared to the control there is a clear difference in the two release profiles. The two rigs both analysed the same thing but both had differing methods and gave different consequences. The basket method was simpler to put up and less fiddly to take consequences. However there were restrictions. Air bubbles on the basket could hold altered drug release, it was hard to reel the readings and during the start the clip intervals were really close together doing it difficult to take all the readings. The flow rig besides had drawbacks. First our setup 3 flow tubings were leaky. This meant that merchandise would hold been lost. Besides for one of the control rig the flow rig stopped working and no more consequences could be taken. Therefore we were unable to add mistake bars to the control graph. Finally merchandise may hold been lost when reassigning the pipes. Besides for both the experiments they did non mime the proper physiological conditions that would be present in the organic structure. If we compare the two methods I believe the flow-through rig gave more acc urate dependable consequences. The mistake bars were greater in the basket method significance at that place was a batch of fluctuation and the consequences would be hard to reproduce. Besides for the flow rig both groups showed indistinguishable consequences this was non the instance for basket. The flow rig showed the concentration of drug released at precisely the clip specified whereas the basket method shows the entire sum of drug released by the tablet at the specific clip so it is cumulative. Therefore the consequences for the flow rig are more good and manageable as the one graph gives all the needed information. Besides if the tubings were crystalline we could see the tablet. A reciprocating cylinder was besides used to prove drug release. Even though it mimics physiological conditions the best it provided inconclusive consequences in SIF for SGF it once more showed a lower rate of drug release for the polymer. However the mistake bars were really big for all the consequences and hence non accurate. Decision: By comparing the consequences from all the experiments we can reason Xanthan Gum is the best polymer to utilize for sustained release preparations, nevertheless all the polymers used produced acceptable hydrophilic matrices. XG had the most advantageous hydration profile compared to the other polymers as explained in the decision of portion A1. It can besides be seen that concentration of the polymer has an consequence on hydration explained in the decision of portion A2. XG showed sustained release at all concentrations but 15 % would be the best via media between decomposition clip and drug release. Finally drug release from tablets with polymers can clearly demo sustained release when tested by many different disintegration rigs nevertheless the flow-through rig proved to be the most successful.

Base and Superstructure Definition of Marxs Terms

Base and Superstructure Definition of Marxs Terms Base and superstructure are two linked theoretical concepts developed by Karl Marx, one of the founders of sociology. Simply put, base refers to the forces and relations of production- to all the people, relationships between them, the roles that they play, and the materials and resources involved in producing the things needed by society. Thomas Lohnes / Getty Images Superstructure Superstructure, quite simply and expansively, refers to all other aspects of society. It includes culture, ideology (world views, ideas, values, and beliefs), norms and expectations, identities that people inhabit, social institutions (education, religion, media, family, among others), the political structure, and the state (the political apparatus that governs society). Marx argued that the superstructure grows out of the base, and reflects the interests of the ruling class that controls it. As such, the superstructure justifies how the base operates, and in doing so, justifies the power of the ruling class. From a sociological standpoint, it’s important to recognize that neither the base nor the superstructure is naturally occurring, nor are they static. They are both social creations (created by people in a society), and both are the accumulation of social processes and interactions between people that are constantly playing out, shifting, and evolving. Extended Definition Marx theorized that the superstructure effectively grows out of the base and that it reflects the interests of the ruling class that controls the base (called the â€Å"bourgeoisie† in Marx’s time). In The German Ideology, written with Friedrich Engels, Marx offered a critique of Hegel’s theory of how society operates, which was based on principles of Idealism. Hegel asserted that ideology determines social lifethat the reality of the world around us is determined by our mind, by our thoughts. Historical Shifts to a Capitalist Mode of Production Considering historical shifts in relations of production, most importantly, the shift from feudalist to capitalist production, Marx was not content with Hegel’s theory. He believed that the shift to a capitalist mode of production had sweeping implications for the social structure, culture, institutions, and ideology of society- that it reconfigured the superstructure in drastic ways. He posed instead a â€Å"materialist† way of understanding history (â€Å"historical materialism†), which is the idea that the material conditions of our existence, what we produce in order to live and how we go about doing so, determines all else in society. Building on this idea, Marx posed a new way of thinking about the relationship between thought and lived reality with his theory of the relationship between base and superstructure. Importantly, Marx argued that this is not a neutral relationship. There is a lot at stake in the way the superstructure emerges out of the base, because as the place where norms, values, beliefs, and ideology reside, the superstructure serves to legitimate the base. The superstructure creates the conditions in which the relations of production seem right, just, or even natural, though, in reality, they may be deeply unjust, and designed to benefit only the minority ruling class, rather than the majority working class. Marx argued that religious ideology that urged people to obey authority and work hard for salvation in the afterlife was a way in which superstructure justifies the base because it generates an acceptance of one’s conditions as they are. Following Marx, Antonio Gramsci elaborated on the role of education in training people to obediently serve in their designated roles in the division of labor, depending upon into which class they were born. Marx and Gramsci also wrote about the role of the state- the political apparatus- in protecting the interests of the ruling class. In recent history, state bailouts of collapsing private banks is an example of this. Early Writing In his early writing, Marx was very committed to the principles of historical materialism, and the related one-way causal relationship between base and superstructure. However, as his theory evolved and grew more complex over time, Marx reframed the relationship between base and superstructure as dialectical, meaning that each influences what happens in the other. Thus, if something changes in the base, it causes changes in the superstructure, and vice versa. Marx believed in the possibility of a revolution among the working class because he thought that once workers realized the extent to which they were exploited and harmed for the benefit of the ruling class, then they would decide to change things, and a significant change in the base, in terms of how goods are produced, by whom, and on what terms, would follow.

Bank Annual Report Assignment - Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bank Annual Report Assignment - Economics - Essay Example Other mining activities accounted for ASD 0.83 billions forming 0.22% of the total GDP.Thus taking the contribution of mining industries to 32.78 %( Annual 2004). Annual Report of the Central Bank of United Arab Emirates for the year 2004 has the data at Table (2-1) that Manufacturing and Construction Sectors contributed ASD 70.43 billions to 2004 GDP at constant prices of ASD 323.60 billions. In percentage terms this contribution came to 21.76 %( rounded off to 22%). Table(2-2) of the Annual report further shows that Manufacturing and Construction Sectors contributed ASD 78.02 billions to 2004 GDP at current prices of ASD 378.61 billions. In percentage terms this contribution came to 20.61 %( Annual 2004). Table(2-8) ,captioned 'Employees by Economic Sectors' , of the Annual Report of the Central Bank of United Arab Emirates for the year 2004 has the data that UAE had a total of 2.46 million employees in UAE in 2004.Of this 0.27 million were engaged in the Government Sector forming about 10.98% of the total employees. As against this Oil& Gas, and Manufacturing sectors deployed 0.35 million employees which formed about 14.23 % of the total employees (Annual, 2004).Thus more number of employees were deployed in Oil& Gas, and Manufacturing sectors when compared to the Government Sector.